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Natural Radioactive Contamination in Shampoo and Dishwashing Samples Used in Iraq by NaI(Tl) Detector
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 28 No. 10 (2016): Vol 28 Issue 10
Abstract
In Iraqi markets, there are no sufficient comprehensive study to identify the natural radioactivity in detergents samples such as shampoo and dishwashing. The aim of the present research is to measure the natural radioactivity in different types of shampoo and dishwashing samples are available in Iraq markets. Also, it is to calculate the radiological hazard indices such as radium equivalent activities and external hazard indices for samples. Measurements were made, using gamma spectrometer for gamma emission such as 238U, 232Th and 40K. Results show that the average values of specific activity in shampoo and dishwashing liquid samples for 238U, 232Th and 40K were (3.50 ± 0.60) Bq/kg, (1.77 ± 0.22) Bq/kg and (119.60 ± 7.27) Bq/kg, respectively. The radium equivalent activity and external hazard index were calculated from the measured natural radioactivity. The average values of the radium equivalent activity and external hazard index in samples under study were (172.22 ± 10.30) Bq/kg and (0.46 ± 0.02), respectively. The present study show that the radium equivalent activity and external hazard index due to natural radioactivity were found within below the action level recommended which are (370 Bq/kg and 1) according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and International Commission on Radiological Protection. It is concluded that the samples of the products under study are well below the limits recommended by recognized authorities.
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- S. Antonio, Radiation Safety Handbook, Health Science Center the University of Texas (2013).
- C. Rangacharyulu, Physics of Nuclear Radiation: Concepts, Techniques and Applications, Taylor Francis Group, LLC (2014).
- D.D. Rao, Radiat. Prot. Environ., 35, 57 (2012); doi:10.4103/0972-0464.112337.
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- IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency, Guidelines for Radioelement Mapping Using Gamma Ray Spectrometry Data, pp. 8-10 (2003).
- J. Beretka and P.J. Mathew, Health Phys., 48, 87 (1985); doi:10.1097/00004032-198501000-00007.
- R. Veiga, N. Sanches, R.M. Anjos, K. Macario, J. Bastos, M. Iguatemy, J.G. Aguiar, A.M.A. Santos, B. Mosquera, C. Carvalho, M.B. Filho and N.K. Umisedo, Radiat. Measur., 41, 189 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.05.001.
- UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, New York, USA (2000).
- OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Exposure to Radiation from the Natural Radioactivity in Building Materials, Report by a Group of Experts of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris, France (1979).
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References
S. Antonio, Radiation Safety Handbook, Health Science Center the University of Texas (2013).
C. Rangacharyulu, Physics of Nuclear Radiation: Concepts, Techniques and Applications, Taylor Francis Group, LLC (2014).
D.D. Rao, Radiat. Prot. Environ., 35, 57 (2012); doi:10.4103/0972-0464.112337.
W.B. Hassan Ahmed, Ph.D. Thesis, Natural Environmental Radioactivity in the Northern State of Sudan, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan (2014).
IAEA, The International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA Safety Glossary, Terminology used in Nuclear, Radiation, Radioactive Waste and Transport Safety, Version 2.0, in Safety Glossary, Vienna (2006).
A. Ksouri, M.Sc. Thesis, Radioactivity Measurement in the Detergent Products by Gamma Spectrometry, Institute National des Sciences Appliques et de Technologies (2010).
A.A. Abojassim, H.H. Abd, D.N. Hamed and A.A. Abdullah, J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci., 7, 532 (2014); doi:10.1016/j.jrras.2014.09.001.
M. Ngachin, M. Garavaglia, C. Giovani, M.G. Kwato Njock and A. Nourreddine, J. Environ. Radioact., 99, 1056 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.12.022.
J.S. Lilley, The Nuclear Physics Principles and Application, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England (2001).
IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency, Guidelines for Radioelement Mapping Using Gamma Ray Spectrometry Data, pp. 8-10 (2003).
J. Beretka and P.J. Mathew, Health Phys., 48, 87 (1985); doi:10.1097/00004032-198501000-00007.
R. Veiga, N. Sanches, R.M. Anjos, K. Macario, J. Bastos, M. Iguatemy, J.G. Aguiar, A.M.A. Santos, B. Mosquera, C. Carvalho, M.B. Filho and N.K. Umisedo, Radiat. Measur., 41, 189 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.05.001.
UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, New York, USA (2000).
OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Exposure to Radiation from the Natural Radioactivity in Building Materials, Report by a Group of Experts of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris, France (1979).
ICRP, Protection of the Public in Situations of Prolonged Radiation Exposure, Pergamon Press, Oxford, Ann. ICRP, 29, pp. 1-2 (2000).