Copyright (c) 2023 Humaira Parveen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Novel Ferrocenyl-substituted Organometallics with Pyrimidine Moiety as Potent Antiprotozoal Agents: Synthesis, Characterization and in Silico Evaluation
Corresponding Author(s) : Humaira Parveen
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 35 No. 9 (2023): Vol 35 Issue 9, 2023
Abstract
Metallodrugs have been extensively used in modern research to design and synthesize new core drug molecules. In search of new leads in protozoal chemotherapy, we have synthesized novel ferrocene-substituted pyrimidine-based organometallic compounds and thoroughly investigated their ADMET [Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity] and pharmacokinetic properties. The compounds exhibited excellent solubility potential, with favourable permeability and absorption characteristics. They demonstrated low toxicity, as indicated by clearance values and oral toxicity measurements. Molecular docking studies revealed strong interactions with the target site, surpassing the performance of reference drugs metronidazole and ornidazole. Overall, these organometallic compounds possess desirable ADMET profiles, meet Lipinski's criteria, and exhibit promising drug-likeness properties, positioning them as potential leads for the development of effective antiprotozoal agents.
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- J. Nasrallah, M. Akhoundi, D. Haouchine, A. Marteau, S. Mantelet, P. Wind, R. Benamouzig, O. Bouchaud, R. Dhote and A. Izri, J. Infect. Public Health, 15, 1134 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.08.013
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- H. Parveen, F. Hayat, A. Salahuddin and A. Azam, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 45, 3497 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.04.023
- M.A. Alsharif, N. Ahmed, M. Issa Alahmdi, S. Mukhtar, H. Parveen, R.J. Obaid and A.S.A. Almalki, J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 26, 101568 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101568
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- N.A. Meanwell, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 24, 1420 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1021/tx200211v
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- Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), 2020.09 Chemical Computing Group ULC, 1010 Sherbooke St. West, Suite #910, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2R7 (2022).
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References
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D.I. Edwards, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 31, 201 (1993); https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/31.2.201
M.M. López Nigro, A.B. Gadano and M.A. Carballo, Toxicol. In Vitro, 15, 209 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-2333(01)00010-8
N.J. Moreno and R. Docampo, Environ. Health Perspect., 64, 199 (1985); https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8564199
C. Ordaz-Pichardo, M. Shibayama, S. Villa-Trevino, M. Arriaga-Alba, E. Angeles and M. de la Garza, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49, 1160 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.3.1160-1168.2005
A. Bendesky, D. Menendez and P. Ostrosky-Wegman, Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res., 511, 133 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5742(02)00007-8
A.F. El-Nahas and I.M. el-Ashmawy, Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 94, 226 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2004.pto940505.x
V. Purohit and K.A. Basu, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 13, 673 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1021/tx000002x
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A. Azam and S.M. Agarwal, Curr. Bioact. Compd., 3, 121 (2007); https://doi.org/10.2174/157340707780809590
S. Becker, E.R. Houpt and P. Hoffman, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 84, 581 (2011); https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0580
G. Jaouen, A. Vessieres and S. Top, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 8802 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00486A
S. Top, A. Vessieres, C. Cabestaing, I. Laios, G. Leclercq, C. Provot and G. Jaouen, J. Organomet. Chem., 637-639, 500 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-328X(01)00953-6
E.A. Hillard, A. Vessières, L. Thouin, G. Jaouen and C. Amatore, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45, 285 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200502925
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X. Wang and Z. Guo, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 202 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35259A
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H. Parveen, R.A.S. Alatawi, N.H. El Sayed, S. Hasan, S. Mukhtar and A.U. Khan, Arab. J. Chem., 10, 1098 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.05.002
H. Parveen, S. Mukhtar and A. Azam, J. Heterocycl. Chem., 53, 473 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1002/jhet.2427
H. Parveen, F. Hayat, S. Mukhtar, A. Salahuddin, A. Khan, F. Islam and A. Azam, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 46, 4669 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.055
H. Parveen, F. Hayat, A. Salahuddin and A. Azam, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 45, 3497 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.04.023
M.A. Alsharif, N. Ahmed, M. Issa Alahmdi, S. Mukhtar, H. Parveen, R.J. Obaid and A.S.A. Almalki, J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 26, 101568 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101568
A. Daina and V. Zoete, ChemMedChem, 11, 1117 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201600182
J.M. Andrews, N. Anand, A.R. Todd and A. Topham, J. Chem. Soc., 2490 (1949); https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9490002490
D.E.V. Pires, T.L. Blundell and D.B. Ascher, J. Med. Chem., 58, 4066 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00104
N.A. Meanwell, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 24, 1420 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1021/tx200211v
E.H. Kearns and L. Di, Drug-Like Properties: Concepts, Structure, Design and Methods, Elsevier, USA (2008).
M.P. Gleeson, J. Med. Chem., 51, 817 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1021/jm701122q
A. Daina, O. Michielin and V. Zoete, Sci. Rep., 7, 42717 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42717
H.T. Abdel-Mohsen, A. Abood, K.J. Flanagan, A. Meindl, M.O. Senge and H.I. El Diwani, Arch. Pharm., 353, 1900271 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201900271
Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), 2020.09 Chemical Computing Group ULC, 1010 Sherbooke St. West, Suite #910, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2R7 (2022).
D. Mustacich and G. Powis, Biochem. J., 346, 1 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3460001
D.G. Arias, E.L. Regner, A.A. Iglesias and S.A. Guerrero, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1820, 1859 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.020