Copyright (c) 2019 AJC
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Uranium Levels in Groundwater of North India: A Review
Corresponding Author(s) : Amanjeet Panghal
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 31 No. 6 (2019): Vol 31 Issue 6
Abstract
Ionizing radiations are continuously exposed to human being. Natural radionuclides are available in different amount in environment. Uranium is found everywhere in water, rocks, soil and building material. Ground water is the main source of drinking water. So it becomes important to review the water quality of north India in view of uranium. Uranium is inhaled through drinking water in human body. In this regard, an extensive data has been compiled and reviewed in this article from North India and compared with safe limits from worldwide data. The majority of the reported articles are about monitoring of uranium concentration in water samples. Most of the reported data have been obtained using Fission track technique, ICPMS, laser fluorimetery and LED fluorimetery.
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- K. Skeppstrom and B. Olofsson, European Water EWRA, 17/18, 51 (2007).
- Report TP-90-29, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATDSR): Atlanta, USA (1999).
- B.S. Bajwa, S. Kumar, S. Singh, S.K. Sahoo and R.M. Tripathi, J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci., 10, 13 (2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.01.002.
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- World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; edn 4 (2011).
- V. Duggal, R. Mehra and A. Rani, Radiat. Prot. Environ., 36, 65 (2013); https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0464.128870.
- K.M. Rajashekara, Y. Narayana and K. Siddappa, Radiat. Meas., 42, 472 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.12.010.
- S.A. Durrani and R. llic, Radon Measurements by Etched Track Detectors Applications in Radiation Protection, Earth Sciences and the Environment, World Scientific: Singapore (1997).
- H.A. Al. Zabadi, S. Musmar, S. Issa, N. Dwaikar and G. Sffarini, BMC Res. Note, 5, 29 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-29.
- NCRP, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Exposures from the Uranium Series eith Emphasis on Radon and its Daughters. NCRP Report No.77, Bathesda, MD (1984).
- UNSCEAR, Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources, UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, United Nations, New York: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000).
- A. Takeda, H. Tsukada, Y. Takaku, S. Hisamatsu and M. Nanzyo, Sci. Total Environ., 367, 924 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.006.
- A.E. Khater, ed.: B.J. Merkel and A. Hasche-Berger, Uranium Partitioning During Water Treatment Processes, In: Uranium, Mining and Hydrogeology, Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 615-620 (2008).
- M.D. Sztajnkrycer and E.J. Otten, Mil. Med., 169, 212 (2004); https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.169.3.212.
- S. Singh, R. Malhotra, J. Kumar, B. Singh and L. Singh, Radiat. Meas., 34, 427 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(01)00200-1.
- M. Kumar, A. Kumar, S. Singh, R.K. Mahajan and T.P.S. Walia, Radiat. Meas., 36, 479 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(03)00176-8.
- R. Mehra, S. Singh and K. Singh, Radiat. Meas., 42, 441 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.040.
- H. Singh, J. Singh, S. Singh and B.S. Bajwa, Indian J. Phys., 83, 1039 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-009-0065-4.
- S. Kansal, R. Mehra and N.P. Singh, J. Public Health Epidemil., 3, 352 (2011).
- A. Rani, R. Mehra, D. Duggal and V. Balaram, Health Phys., 104, 251 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0b013e318279ba05.
- A.K. Yadav, S.K. Sahoo, S. Mahapatra, A.V. Kumar, G. Pandey, P. Lenka and R.M. Tripathi, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 96, 192 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2014.934247.
- P. Singh, P. Singh, B.K. Sahoo and B.S. Bajwa, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 309, 541 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4629-9.
- A. Kumar, M. Kaur, S. Sharma, R. Mehra and D.K. Sharma, Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 171, 217 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncw062.
- K. Saini, P. Singh and B.S. Bajwa, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 118, 196 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.09.014.
- A. Panghal, A. Kumar, S. Kumar, J. Singh, S. Sharma, P. Singh, R. Mehra and B.S. Bajwa, Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids, 172, 441 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1080/10420150.2017.1336762.
- R. Mehra, D. Gupta and R. Jakhu, J. Rad. Nucl. Appl., 2, 67 (2017); https://doi.org/10.18576/jrna/020205.
- ICRP-30, Limits for Intake of Radio Nuclides By Workers, International Commission on Radiological Protection, Pergamon Press: Oxford, UK (1979).
- UNSCEAR, United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations: New York, United Nation (2000).
- USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Current Drinking Water Standards. Ground Water and Drinking Water Protection Agency, Report Prepared by Wade Miller Associates, pp. 1–12 (2003).
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. Washington, DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; EPA 820-R-11-002 (2011).
- AERB, DAE, Drinking Water Specifications in India, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai, India (2004).
- N. Kochhar, Indian Minerals, 45, 339 (1989).
- R.M. Tripathi, S.K. Sahoo, S. Mohapatra, P. Lenka, R.N. Nair and V.D. Puranik, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Report (2012).
- A. Kumar, N. Usha, P.D. Sawant, R.M. Tripathi, S.S. Raj, M. Mishra, S. Rout, P. Supreeta, J. Singh, S. Kumar and H.S. Kushwaha, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 17, 381 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2011.552395.
- M.N. Kumru, Proc. Pakistan Acad. Sci., 32, 51 (1995).
- I.M. Fisenne and G.A. Welford, Health Phys., 50, 739 (1986); https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198606000-00004.
- USEPA, United States Environmental Protection, Occurrence and Exposure Assessment for Uranium in Public Drinking Water Supplies. Report Prepared by Wade Miller Associates, Inc. for the Office of Drinking Water, US EPA, Washington, DC, USA, 26 April 1990 (EPA Contract No. 68-03-3514) (1990).
- USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Review of RSC Analysis. Report prepared by Wade Miller Associates, Inc. for the US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, May 9 1991 (follow-up to US EPA, 1990) (1991).
- A.M. Bomben, H.E. Equillor and A.A. Oliveira, Radiat. Prot. Dosimet., 67, 221 (1996); https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031820.
- F. Bou-Rabee, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 46, 217 (1995); https://doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(94)00122-G.
- M.L. da Silva and D.M. Bonotto, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 97, 24 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.12.012.
- I.A. Katsoyiannis, S.J. Hug, A. Ammann, A. Zikoudi and C. Hatziliontos, Sci. Total Environ., 383, 128 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.04.035.
- J. Nriagu, D.-H. Nam, T.A. Ayanwola, H. Dinh, E. Erdenechimeg, C. Ochir and T.-A. Bolormaa, Sci. Total Environ., 414, 722 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.037.
- E. Stalder, A. Blanc, M. Haldimann and V. Dudler, Chemosphere, 86, 672 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.022.
- A. Armour-Brown, A. Steenfelt and H. Kunzendorf, J. Geochem. Explor., 19, 127 (1983); https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(83)90013-4.
- R. Gedeon, B. Smith, H. Amro, J. Jawadeh and S. Kilani, Natural Radioisotopes in Groundwaters from the Amman-Zarka Basin Jordan: Hydrochemical and Regulatory Implications, In: Application of Tracers in Arid Zone Hydrology, Proceedings of the Vienna Symposium, August 1994; IAHS Publ. no. 232, (1995).
- B. Smith, A.E. Powell, A.E. Milodowski, V.L. Hards, M.G. Hutchins, A. Amro et al., Identification, investigation and remediation of groundwater containing elevated levels of uraniumseries radionuclides: A case study from the Eastern Mediterranean. In I. Panayides, C. Xenophontos, & J. Malpas (Eds.), Proceedings of the third international conference on the geology of the EasternMediterranean. Nicosia, Cyprus: World Health Organisation (WHO/SDE/PHE/01.01), 2000.
- H.A.S. Aly and F.M. Ragab, J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol., 3, 172 (2013); https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000172.
- O.L. Gaskova and A.E. Boguslavsky, Proc. Earth Planet. Sci., 7, 288 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2013.03.130.
References
K. Skeppstrom and B. Olofsson, European Water EWRA, 17/18, 51 (2007).
Report TP-90-29, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATDSR): Atlanta, USA (1999).
B.S. Bajwa, S. Kumar, S. Singh, S.K. Sahoo and R.M. Tripathi, J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci., 10, 13 (2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.01.002.
R. dos Santos Amaral, W.E. de Vasconcelos, E. Borges, SV. Silveira and B.P. Mazzilli, J. Environ. Radioact., 82, 383 (2005);https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.02.013.
World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; edn 4 (2011).
V. Duggal, R. Mehra and A. Rani, Radiat. Prot. Environ., 36, 65 (2013); https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0464.128870.
K.M. Rajashekara, Y. Narayana and K. Siddappa, Radiat. Meas., 42, 472 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.12.010.
S.A. Durrani and R. llic, Radon Measurements by Etched Track Detectors Applications in Radiation Protection, Earth Sciences and the Environment, World Scientific: Singapore (1997).
H.A. Al. Zabadi, S. Musmar, S. Issa, N. Dwaikar and G. Sffarini, BMC Res. Note, 5, 29 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-29.
NCRP, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Exposures from the Uranium Series eith Emphasis on Radon and its Daughters. NCRP Report No.77, Bathesda, MD (1984).
UNSCEAR, Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources, UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, United Nations, New York: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000).
A. Takeda, H. Tsukada, Y. Takaku, S. Hisamatsu and M. Nanzyo, Sci. Total Environ., 367, 924 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.006.
A.E. Khater, ed.: B.J. Merkel and A. Hasche-Berger, Uranium Partitioning During Water Treatment Processes, In: Uranium, Mining and Hydrogeology, Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 615-620 (2008).
M.D. Sztajnkrycer and E.J. Otten, Mil. Med., 169, 212 (2004); https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.169.3.212.
S. Singh, R. Malhotra, J. Kumar, B. Singh and L. Singh, Radiat. Meas., 34, 427 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(01)00200-1.
M. Kumar, A. Kumar, S. Singh, R.K. Mahajan and T.P.S. Walia, Radiat. Meas., 36, 479 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(03)00176-8.
R. Mehra, S. Singh and K. Singh, Radiat. Meas., 42, 441 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.040.
H. Singh, J. Singh, S. Singh and B.S. Bajwa, Indian J. Phys., 83, 1039 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-009-0065-4.
S. Kansal, R. Mehra and N.P. Singh, J. Public Health Epidemil., 3, 352 (2011).
A. Rani, R. Mehra, D. Duggal and V. Balaram, Health Phys., 104, 251 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0b013e318279ba05.
A.K. Yadav, S.K. Sahoo, S. Mahapatra, A.V. Kumar, G. Pandey, P. Lenka and R.M. Tripathi, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 96, 192 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2014.934247.
P. Singh, P. Singh, B.K. Sahoo and B.S. Bajwa, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 309, 541 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4629-9.
A. Kumar, M. Kaur, S. Sharma, R. Mehra and D.K. Sharma, Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 171, 217 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncw062.
K. Saini, P. Singh and B.S. Bajwa, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 118, 196 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.09.014.
A. Panghal, A. Kumar, S. Kumar, J. Singh, S. Sharma, P. Singh, R. Mehra and B.S. Bajwa, Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids, 172, 441 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1080/10420150.2017.1336762.
R. Mehra, D. Gupta and R. Jakhu, J. Rad. Nucl. Appl., 2, 67 (2017); https://doi.org/10.18576/jrna/020205.
ICRP-30, Limits for Intake of Radio Nuclides By Workers, International Commission on Radiological Protection, Pergamon Press: Oxford, UK (1979).
UNSCEAR, United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations: New York, United Nation (2000).
USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Current Drinking Water Standards. Ground Water and Drinking Water Protection Agency, Report Prepared by Wade Miller Associates, pp. 1–12 (2003).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. Washington, DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; EPA 820-R-11-002 (2011).
AERB, DAE, Drinking Water Specifications in India, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai, India (2004).
N. Kochhar, Indian Minerals, 45, 339 (1989).
R.M. Tripathi, S.K. Sahoo, S. Mohapatra, P. Lenka, R.N. Nair and V.D. Puranik, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Report (2012).
A. Kumar, N. Usha, P.D. Sawant, R.M. Tripathi, S.S. Raj, M. Mishra, S. Rout, P. Supreeta, J. Singh, S. Kumar and H.S. Kushwaha, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 17, 381 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2011.552395.
M.N. Kumru, Proc. Pakistan Acad. Sci., 32, 51 (1995).
I.M. Fisenne and G.A. Welford, Health Phys., 50, 739 (1986); https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198606000-00004.
USEPA, United States Environmental Protection, Occurrence and Exposure Assessment for Uranium in Public Drinking Water Supplies. Report Prepared by Wade Miller Associates, Inc. for the Office of Drinking Water, US EPA, Washington, DC, USA, 26 April 1990 (EPA Contract No. 68-03-3514) (1990).
USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Review of RSC Analysis. Report prepared by Wade Miller Associates, Inc. for the US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, May 9 1991 (follow-up to US EPA, 1990) (1991).
A.M. Bomben, H.E. Equillor and A.A. Oliveira, Radiat. Prot. Dosimet., 67, 221 (1996); https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031820.
F. Bou-Rabee, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 46, 217 (1995); https://doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(94)00122-G.
M.L. da Silva and D.M. Bonotto, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 97, 24 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.12.012.
I.A. Katsoyiannis, S.J. Hug, A. Ammann, A. Zikoudi and C. Hatziliontos, Sci. Total Environ., 383, 128 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.04.035.
J. Nriagu, D.-H. Nam, T.A. Ayanwola, H. Dinh, E. Erdenechimeg, C. Ochir and T.-A. Bolormaa, Sci. Total Environ., 414, 722 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.037.
E. Stalder, A. Blanc, M. Haldimann and V. Dudler, Chemosphere, 86, 672 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.022.
A. Armour-Brown, A. Steenfelt and H. Kunzendorf, J. Geochem. Explor., 19, 127 (1983); https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(83)90013-4.
R. Gedeon, B. Smith, H. Amro, J. Jawadeh and S. Kilani, Natural Radioisotopes in Groundwaters from the Amman-Zarka Basin Jordan: Hydrochemical and Regulatory Implications, In: Application of Tracers in Arid Zone Hydrology, Proceedings of the Vienna Symposium, August 1994; IAHS Publ. no. 232, (1995).
B. Smith, A.E. Powell, A.E. Milodowski, V.L. Hards, M.G. Hutchins, A. Amro et al., Identification, investigation and remediation of groundwater containing elevated levels of uraniumseries radionuclides: A case study from the Eastern Mediterranean. In I. Panayides, C. Xenophontos, & J. Malpas (Eds.), Proceedings of the third international conference on the geology of the EasternMediterranean. Nicosia, Cyprus: World Health Organisation (WHO/SDE/PHE/01.01), 2000.
H.A.S. Aly and F.M. Ragab, J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol., 3, 172 (2013); https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000172.
O.L. Gaskova and A.E. Boguslavsky, Proc. Earth Planet. Sci., 7, 288 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2013.03.130.