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Various Pre-Treatment Methods to Reduce Free Fatty Acid Content in Non-Edible Vegetable Oils for Biodiesel Production
Corresponding Author(s) : A.K. Gupta
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 34 No. 11 (2022): Vol 34 Issue 11, 2022
Abstract
In this work, the efforts were made to reduce high free fatty acid (FFA) content in non-edible karanja and jatropha vegetable oils below 1 mg KOH/g. The process was optimized in terms of amount of sulphuric acid used in pre-treatment of the studied non-edible oils. Various adsorbents like activated carbon, alumina, alumina-silica, calcined alumina and calcined alumina-silica exhibited significant removal of FFA in a single-stage filtration process. Pre-treatment of test oil with calcined alumina-silica as adsorbent was found to be the most appropriate for the removal of free fatty acids. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV) analysis showed that the original composition of test oil was not changed after the pre-treatment process.
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- X. Lang, A.K. Dalai, N.N. Bakhshi, M.J. Reany and P.B. Hertz, Bioresour. Technol., 80, 53 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00051-7
- M. Canakci and G.J. Van, Trans. ASAE, 42, 1203 (1999); https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.13285
- M. Pugazhvadivu and S. Rajagopan, Indian J. Sci. Technol., 2, 31 (2009); https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2009/v2i5.5
- P.C.S. Naga, V.K. Reddy, B.S.P.K. Kumar, E. Ramjee, O.D. Hebbel and M.C. Nivendgi, Indian J. Sci. Technol., 2, 25 (2009).
- S.K. Karmee and A. Chadha, Bioresour. Technol., 96, 1425 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011
- A.K. Agarwal and T.P. Bajaj, Int. J. Oil Gas Coal Technol., 2, 297 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1504/IJOGCT.2009.028561
- M. Naik, L. Meher, S. Naik and L. Das, Biomass Bioenergy, 32, 354 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.10.006
- B. Freedman, R.O. Butterfield and E.H. Pryde, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 63, (1986); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679606
- IS 548-1: Methods of Sampling and Test for Oils and Fats, Part I: Methods of Sampling, Physical and Chemical Tests, Bureau of Indian Standards, Fourteenth reprint, pp. 29-30 (2007).
- L. Vilela, T.M. Mata and N.S. Caetano, Third International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy (2010).
- H.J. Berchmans and S. Hirata, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 1716 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.051
- M. Satyanarayana and C. Muraleedharan, Int. J. Green Energy, 7, 84 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1080/15435070903501290
- P.S. Vankar and R.S. Sahu, Elect. J. Enviorn. Agric. Food Chem., 10, 2065 (2011).
- A.K. Singh and S.D. Fernando, Energy Fuels, 22, 2067 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1021/ef800072z
- L. Bournay, D. Casanave, B. Delfort, G. Hillion and J.A. Chodorge, Catal. Today, 106, 190 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.181
- G. Gelbard, O. Bres, R.M. Vargas, F. Vielfaure and U.E. Schuchardt, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72, 1239 (1995); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540998
- G. Knothe, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77, 489 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-000-0078-5
- E.E. Banda-Cruz, S.I. Padrón-Ortega, N.V. Gallardo-Rivas, J.L. RiveraArmenta, U. Páramo-García, N.P. Díaz-Zavala and A.M. MendozaMartínez, Petrol. Sci. Technol., 34, 732 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2016.1161646
References
X. Lang, A.K. Dalai, N.N. Bakhshi, M.J. Reany and P.B. Hertz, Bioresour. Technol., 80, 53 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00051-7
M. Canakci and G.J. Van, Trans. ASAE, 42, 1203 (1999); https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.13285
M. Pugazhvadivu and S. Rajagopan, Indian J. Sci. Technol., 2, 31 (2009); https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2009/v2i5.5
P.C.S. Naga, V.K. Reddy, B.S.P.K. Kumar, E. Ramjee, O.D. Hebbel and M.C. Nivendgi, Indian J. Sci. Technol., 2, 25 (2009).
S.K. Karmee and A. Chadha, Bioresour. Technol., 96, 1425 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011
A.K. Agarwal and T.P. Bajaj, Int. J. Oil Gas Coal Technol., 2, 297 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1504/IJOGCT.2009.028561
M. Naik, L. Meher, S. Naik and L. Das, Biomass Bioenergy, 32, 354 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.10.006
B. Freedman, R.O. Butterfield and E.H. Pryde, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 63, (1986); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679606
IS 548-1: Methods of Sampling and Test for Oils and Fats, Part I: Methods of Sampling, Physical and Chemical Tests, Bureau of Indian Standards, Fourteenth reprint, pp. 29-30 (2007).
L. Vilela, T.M. Mata and N.S. Caetano, Third International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy (2010).
H.J. Berchmans and S. Hirata, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 1716 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.051
M. Satyanarayana and C. Muraleedharan, Int. J. Green Energy, 7, 84 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1080/15435070903501290
P.S. Vankar and R.S. Sahu, Elect. J. Enviorn. Agric. Food Chem., 10, 2065 (2011).
A.K. Singh and S.D. Fernando, Energy Fuels, 22, 2067 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1021/ef800072z
L. Bournay, D. Casanave, B. Delfort, G. Hillion and J.A. Chodorge, Catal. Today, 106, 190 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.181
G. Gelbard, O. Bres, R.M. Vargas, F. Vielfaure and U.E. Schuchardt, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72, 1239 (1995); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540998
G. Knothe, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77, 489 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-000-0078-5
E.E. Banda-Cruz, S.I. Padrón-Ortega, N.V. Gallardo-Rivas, J.L. RiveraArmenta, U. Páramo-García, N.P. Díaz-Zavala and A.M. MendozaMartínez, Petrol. Sci. Technol., 34, 732 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2016.1161646