Issue

Vol. 26 No. 21 (2014): Vol 26 Issue 21

Copyright (c) 2014 AJC

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Preparation and Its Application of TiO2/ZrO2 and TiO2/Fe Photocatalysts: A Perspective Study: A Review

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.17142
Kamlu Ram Gota
Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal-462 051, India
Sundaramurthy Suresh
Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal-462 051, India

Corresponding Author(s) : Sundaramurthy Suresh

sureshpecchem@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 26 No. 21 (2014): Vol 26 Issue 21

Abstract

The preparation and application of TiO2/ZrO2 and TiO2/Fe photocatalysts were reviewed. We have prepared TiO2/ZrO2 and TiO2/Fe photocatalyst by sol-gel process for degradation of phenolic compounds, decolourization of dye solution and removal of heavy metals in the wastewater. ZrO2/TiO2 composite photocatalytic was produced on the pure titanium substrate using in situ Zr(OH)4 colloidal particle and the ZrO2/TiO2 composite shows a lamellar and porous structure which consists of anatase, rutile and ZrO2 phases by the micro-arc oxidation technique. TiO2 doped with Fe produced by the sol-gel method using titanium alkoxide as the precursor of titania as well as iron as dopant sources. Among synthesized photocatalysts, 0.1 M Zr and 0.15 M N supported on TiO2 exhibited the best visible-light response and the highest NO photodegradation activity. The photocatalysts calcined at 500 °C are spherical particles with a crystallite size about 10-20 nm and the crystal phase presents a mixture of anatase (dominant phase) and rutile. The optimum doping amount of iron ions is 0.001 mol %. Although the addition of iron ions decreases the surface area of Fe/TiO2, the photocatalytic activity of Fe/TiO2 (i.e., 0.001 mol %) is better than those of synthesized bare TiO2 or P25. Consequently, the role of Fe may be responsible for the enhanced photodegradation, as compared to those from P25 or synthesized bare TiO2.

Keywords

TiO2 ZrO2 Fe Photocatalyst Dye Metals Phenolic group
Ram Gota, K., & Suresh, S. (2014). Preparation and Its Application of TiO2/ZrO2 and TiO2/Fe Photocatalysts: A Perspective Study: A Review. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 26(21), 7087–7101. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.17142
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Bahnemann, Sol. Energy, 77, 445 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.03.031.
  2. S. Suresh, V.C. Srivastava and I.M. Mishra, Theoretical Foundations of Chem. Eng., 47, 284 (2012).
  3. P. Rajesh, B. Prasad and S. Suresh, Int. J. Biol. Sci. Eng, 3, 223 (2012b).
  4. D. Ramesh Raja and S. Suresh, Int. J. Environ. Res., 5, 349 (2011).
  5. S. Kamsonlian, S. Suresh, C.B. Majumder and S. Chand, Asian J. Chem., 25, 2409 (2013); doi:10.14233/ajchem.2013.13336.
  6. M.S. Dieckmann and K.A. Gray, Water Res., 30, 1169 (1996); doi:10.1016/0043-1354(95)00240-5.
  7. S. Suresh, V.C. Srivastava and I.M. Mishra, Chem. Eng. J., 171, 997 (2011a); doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.04.050.
  8. N. Takahashi, T. Nakai, Y. Satoh and Y. Katoh, Water Res., 28, 1563 (1994); doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)90223-2.
  9. H. Seshadri, S. Chitra, K. Paramasivan and P.K. Sinha, Desalination, 232, 139 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.12.013.
  10. K.R. Gota, S. Sanago and S. Suresh, Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol., 4, 156 (2014).
  11. A. Dobosz and A. Sobczynski, Water Res., 37, 1489 (2003); doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00559-6
  12. B. Tryba, A.W. Morawski, M. Inagaki and M. Toyoda, Appl. Catal. B, 63, 215 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.09.011.
  13. N. Sobana, K. Selvam and M. Swaminathan, Sep. Purif. Technol., 62, 648 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2008.03.002.
  14. J.F. Zhu, W. Zheng, B. He, J.L. Zhang and M. Anpo, J. Mol. Catal. Chem., 216, 35 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2004.01.008.
  15. Y.E. Benkli, M.F. Can, M. Turan and M.S. Celik, Water Res., 39, 487 (2005); doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.10.008.
  16. N. Daneshvar, H. Ashassi Sorkhabi and M.B. Kasiri, J. Hazard. Mater., 112, 55 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.03.021.
  17. S.M. Rodríguez, J. Blanco Gálvez and C.A. Estrada Gasca, Sol. Energy, 77, 443 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.09.001.
  18. R. Andreozzi, V. Caprio, A. Insola and R. Marotta, Catal. Today, 53, 51 (1999); doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00102-9.
  19. J.M. Herrmann, Catal. Today, 53, 115 (1999); doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00107-8.
  20. L. Lihong, S. Dejiu, Z. Jingwu, S. Jian and L. Liang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 4144 (2011); doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.11.187.
  21. P. Wang, J. Li, Y. Guo and Z. Yang, J. Rare Earths, 28, 798 (2010); doi:10.1016/S1002-0721(09)60204-0.
  22. M.S. Kim, J.J. Ryu and Y.M. Sung, Electrochem. Commun., 9, 1886 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2007.04.023.
  23. C. Mcmanamon, J.D. Holmes and M.A. Morris, J. Hazard. Mater., 193, 120 (2011); doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.034.
  24. M. Hirano, C. Nakahara, K. Ota, O. Tanaike and M. Inagaki, J. Solid State Chem., 170, 39 (2003); doi:10.1016/S0022-4596(02)00013-0.
  25. M.D. Hernandez-Alonso, I. Tejedor-Tejedor, J.M. Coronado, J. Soria and M.A. Anderson, Thin Solid Films, 502, 125 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2005.07.256.
  26. Q. Luo, Q. Cai, X. Li, Z. Pan, Y. Li, X. Chen and Q. Yan, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 23, 2945 (2013); doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62818-6.
  27. M. Zorn, D.T. Tompkins, W.A. Zeltner and M.A. Anderson, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 5206 (2000); doi:10.1021/es991250m.
  28. S.W. Liu, Z.L. Xiu, J. Pan, X.P. Cui, W.N. Yu and J.X. Yu, J. Alloys Comp., 437, L1 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.07.075.
  29. R.A. Lucky and P.A. Charpentier, Adv. Mater., 20, 1755 (2008); doi:10.1002/adma.200702287.
  30. J.H. Schattka, D.G. Shchukin, J.G. Jia, M. Antonietti and R.A. Caruso, Chem. Mater., 14, 5103 (2002); doi:10.1021/cm021238k.
  31. B. Liu, K. Nakata, X. Zhao, T. Ochiai, T. Murakami and A. Fujishima, J. Phys. Chem., 115, 16037 (2011).
  32. W. Zhou, K.S. Liu, H.G. Fu, K. Pan, L.L. Zhang, L. Wang and C.C. Sun, Nanotechnology, 19, 035610 (2008); doi:10.1088/0957-4484/19/03/035610.
  33. J. Zhu, J. Ren, Y. Huo, Z. Bian and H. Li, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 18965 (2007); doi:10.1021/jp0751108.
  34. M. Xing, J. Zhang and F. Chen, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 12848 (2009); doi:10.1021/jp9034166.
  35. H. Yu, H. Irie, Y. Shimodaira, Y. Hosogi, Y. Kuroda, M. Miyauchi and K. Hashimoto, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 16481 (2010); doi:10.1021/jp1071956.
  36. Y. Shu, H. Sun, X. Quan and S. Chen, J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 25319 (2012); doi:10.1021/jp307038q.
  37. H.F. Ji, The Research of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor of Co-doped ZnO Synthesized by Sol-Gel, Xi Bei University, Microelectronics Technology (2008).
  38. J. Choi, H. Park and M.R. Hoffmann, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 783 (2010); doi:10.1021/jp908088x.
  39. S. Wang, J.S. Lian, W.T. Zheng and Q. Jiang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 263, 260 (2012); doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.09.040.
  40. X. Feng, J. Zhai and L. Jiang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 5115 (2005); doi:10.1002/anie.200501337.
  41. Y.C. Wu, Y. Wan and J.W. Cui, Chinese J. Nonferrous Metals, 2430 (201l).
  42. L. Mingqin, Res. Mater. Sci., 2, 28 (2013).
  43. A. Fujishima and X. Zhang, C. R. Chim., 9, 750 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.crci.2005.02.055.
  44. M. Anpo, Pure Appl. Chem., 72, 1787 (2000); doi:10.1351/pac200072091787.
  45. A. Fuerte, M.D. Hernández-Alonso, A.J. Maira, A. Martínez-Arias, M. Fernández-García, J.C. Conesa and J. Soria, Chem. Commun., 24, 2718 (2001); doi:10.1039/b107314a.
  46. H. Yamashita, M. Harada, J. Misaka, M. Takeuchi, K. Ikeue and M. Anpo, Photobiol. A, 148, 257 (2002); doi:10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00051-5.
  47. K. Takeuchi, I. Nakamura, O. Matsumoto, S. Sugihara, M. Ando and T. Ihara, Chem. Lett., 29, 1354 (2000); doi:10.1246/cl.2000.1354.
  48. T. Ohno, T. Mitsui and M. Matsumura, Chem. Lett., 32, 364 (2003); doi:10.1246/cl.2003.364.
  49. J. Yu, Q. Xiang and M. Zhou, Appl. Catal. B, 90, 595 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.04.021.
  50. Y. Liu, X. Chen, J. Li, C. Burda, Chemosphere, 61, 11 (2005); doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.069.
  51. T. Hirai, K. Suzuki and I. Komasawa, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 244, 262 (2001); doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.7982.
  52. D. Chatterjee and A. Mahata, Appl. Catal. B, 33, 119 (2001); doi:10.1016/S0926-3373(01)00170-9.
  53. M.H. Zhou, J.G. Yu and B. Cheng, J. Hazard. Mater., 137, 1838 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.028.
  54. J. Wang, T. Ma, G. Zhang, Z. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Jiang, G. Zhao and P. Zhang, Catal. Commun., 8, 607 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2006.08.022.
  55. H. Liu, Y. Su, H. Hu, W. Cao and Z. Chen, Adv. Powder Technol., 24, 683 (2013); doi:10.1016/j.apt.2012.12.007.
  56. Q. Yuan, Y. Liu, L.-L. Li, Z.-X. Li, C.-J. Fang, W.-T. Duan, X.-G. Li and C.-H. Yan, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 124, 169 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2009.05.006.
  57. Y. Zhang, H. Gan and G. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J., 172, 936 (2011); doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.07.005.
  58. R. Sasikala, A.R. Shirole and S.R. Bharadwaj, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 409, 135 (2013); doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2013.07.047.
  59. J.-A. Cha, S.-H. An, H.-D. Jang, C.-S. Kim, D.-K. Song and T.-O. Kim, Adv. Powder Technol., 23, 717 (2012); doi:10.1016/j.apt.2011.09.003.
  60. B. Zhao, G. Mele, I. Pio, J. Li, L. Palmisano and G. Vasapollo, J. Hazard. Mater., 176, 569 (2010); doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.066.
  61. P. Kokila, V. Senthilkumar and K. Prem, Arch. Phys. Res., 2, 246 (2011).
  62. L. Wen, B. Liu and X. Zhao, Int. J. Photoenergy, 10, Article ID 368750 (2012); doi:10.1155/2012/368750.
  63. K. Siwinska-Stefanska, D. Paukszta, A. Piasecki and T. Jesionowski, Physicochem. Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 50, 265 (2014).
  64. M. Arun Kumar, M. Tech. Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India (2013).
  65. J.Y. Kim, C.S. Kim, H.K. Chang and T.O. Kim, Adv. Powder Technol, 21, 141 (2010); doi:10.1016/j.apt.2009.12.008.
  66. B. Neppolian, Q. Wang, H. Yamashita and H. Choi, Appl. Catal. A, 333, 264 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2007.09.026.
  67. C.Y. Wang, C. Bottcher, D.W. Bahnemann and J.K. Dohrmann, J. Mater. Chem., 13, 2322 (2003); doi:10.1039/b303716a.
  68. T. Sreethawong, S. Laehsalee and S. Chavadej, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 33, 5947 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.08.007.
  69. Z. Lin, A. Orlov, R.M. Lambert and M.C. Payne, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 20948 (2005); doi:10.1021/jp053547e.
  70. H. Irie, Y. Watanabe and K. Hashimoto, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 5483 (2003); doi:10.1021/jp030133h.
  71. A. Fernández, G. Lassaletta, V.M. Jiménez, A. Justo, A.R. González-Elipe, J.-M. Herrmann, H. Tahiri and Y. Ait-Ichou, Appl. Catal. B, 7, 49 (1995); doi:10.1016/0926-3373(95)00026-7.
  72. N.J. Peill and M.R. Hoffmann, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 398 (1998); doi:10.1021/es960874e.
  73. J.-F. Wu, C.-H. Hung and C.-S. Yuan, J. Photochem. Photobiol. Chem., 170, 299 (2005); doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.07.020.
  74. J. Saien and S. Khezrianjoo, J. Hazard. Mater., 157, 269 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.094.
  75. Q.J. Geng, X.K. Wang and S.F. Tang, Biomed. Environ. Sci., 21, 118 (2008); doi:10.1016/S0895-3988(08)60016-1.
  76. L. Yang and Z. Liu, Energy Convers. Manage., 48, 882 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2006.08.023.
  77. G.- Liu, X.- Zhang, Y.- Xu, X.- Niu, L.- Zheng and X.- Ding, Chemosphere, 55, 1287 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.035.
  78. J.C. Yu, J. Lin and R.W.M. Kwok, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 5094 (1998); doi:10.1021/jp980332e.
  79. A. Sclafani and J.M. Herrmann, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 13655 (1996); doi:10.1021/jp9533584.
  80. B. Wu, R. Yuan and X. Fu, J. Solid State Chem., 182, 560 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2008.11.030.
  81. X.H. Qi, Z.H. Wang, Y.Y. Zhuang, Y. Yu and J.L. Li, J. Hazard. Mater., 118, 219 (2005); doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.11.007.
  82. J.C. Yu, J. Lin and R.W.M. Kwok, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 5094 (1998); doi:10.1021/jp980332e.
  83. Z. Ambrus, N. Balazs, T. Alapi, G. Wittmann, P. Sipos, A. Dombi and K. Mogyorosi, Appl. Catal. B, 81, 27 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.11.041.
  84. A. Di Paola, G. Marcì, L. Palmisano, M. Schiavello, K. Uosaki, S. Ikeda and B. Ohtani, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 637 (2000); doi:10.1021/jp013074l.
  85. R.S. Sonawane, B.B. Kale and M.K. Dongare, Mater. Chem. Phys., 85, 52 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2003.12.007.
  86. M. Gratzel, Heterogeneous Photochemical Electron Transfer Reactions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl, USA (1987).
  87. M.R. Hoffmann, S.T. Martin, W. Choi and D.W. Bahnemann, Chem. Rev., 95, 69 (1995); doi:10.1021/cr00033a004.
  88. C.H. Hung and B.J. Marinas, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 1440 (1997); doi:10.1021/es960685w.
  89. W.-C. Hung, Y.-C. Chen, H. Chu and T.-K. Tseng, Appl. Surf. Sci., 255, 2205 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.07.079.
  90. G. Mele, R. Del Sole, G. Vasapollo, E. García-Lopez, L. Palmisano and M. Schiavello, J. Catal., 217, 334 (2003); doi:10.1016/S0021-9517(03)00040-X.
  91. C.-H. Chiou, C.-Y. Wu and R.-S. Juang, Sep. Purif. Technol., 62, 559 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2008.03.009.
  92. F.J. Zhang, M.L. Chen and W.C. Oh, Asian J. Chem., 21, 7077 (2009).
  93. F. Chuan, T. Li, J. Qi, J. Pan and C. Cheng, Asian J. Chem., 21, 2911 (2009).
  94. R.A. Shawabkeh, O.A. Khashman and G.I. Bisharat, Int. J. Chem., 2, 10 (2010).
  95. M.A. Rauf, M.A. Meetani and S. Hisaindee, Desalination, 276, 13 (2011); doi:10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.071.
  96. W.- Sun, J. Li, G.- Yao, F.- Zhang and J.-L. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 258, 940 (2011); doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.09.032.
  97. L.G. Devi and S.G. Kumar, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 2779 (2011); doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.10.062.
  98. Z. Topalian, B.I. Stefanov, C.G. Granqvist and L. Österlund, J. Catal., 307, 265 (2013); doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2013.08.004.
  99. P. Ctibor, V. Stengl and Z. Pala, Am. Chem. Sci. J., 3, 387 (2013).
  100. L. Kokporka, S. Onsuratoom, T. Puangpetch and S. Chavadej, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 16, 667 (2013); doi:10.1016/j.mssp.2012.12.007.
  101. Y.-S. Lai, Y.H. Su and M.I. Lin, Dyes Pigments, 103, 76 (2014); doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.11.026.
  102. A. Erkan, U. Bakir and G. Karakas, J. Photochem. Photobiol. Chem., 184, 313 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.05.001.
  103. Q. Li, S. Mahendra, D.Y. Lyon, L. Brunet, M.V. Liga, D. Li and P.J.J. Alvarez, Water Res., 42, 4591 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.015.
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 0 Download : 0