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Copyright (c) 2014 Nihan Özengin, Ayse Elmaci*
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Free Water Surface (FWS) System for the Treatment of Domestic Wastewater: A Comparative Study
Corresponding Author(s) : Nihan Özengin
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 26 No. 20 (2014)
Abstract
In this study, laboratory-scale continuous flow free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland systems were examined for their capacity to remove COD, BOD5, total nitrogen, NH4-N, NO3–, NO2–, total phosphorus and orthophosphate. The floating aquatic plant Lemna minor L. (Duckweed) was used and the system consisted of planted and unplanted reactors. The system was fed with weak and strong synthetic domestic wastewater. In the weak domestic wastewater treatment, the average removal efficiencies obtained from the evaluation of the system were 60.29 and 57.88 % for COD, 16.78 and 11.73 % for BOD, 31.09 and 13.1 % for total nitrogen, 1.92 and 23.2 % for NO3–, 36.61 % and 17.53 % for total phosphorus and 36.4 and 16 % for orthophosphate in planted and unplanted reactors, respectively. The average NH4-N concentration was 0.63 mg L–1 in the influent and 0.92 and 0.62 mg L–1 in the effluent from planted and unplanted reactors, respectively. The average NO2– concentration was 0.51 mg L–1 in the influent and 0.56 and 0.96 mg L–1 in the effluent from planted and unplanted reactors, respectively. In the strong domestic wastewater treatment, the average removal efficiencies obtained from the evaluation of the system were 91.42 and 87.67 % for COD, 79.09 and 69.92 % for BOD, 72 and 63.6 % for total nitrogen, 67.9 and 60.3 % for NH4-N, 0.47 and 33.3 % for NO3–, 98.28 and 98.76 % for NO3–, 66.62 and 54.79 % for total phosphorus and, 61.82 and 51.7 % for orthophosphate in planted and unplanted reactors, respectively. The results showed that this system has a considerable capacity for treating strong domestic wastewater.
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- C. Lee, T.D. Fletcher and G. Sun, Eng. Life Sci., 9, 11 (2009).
- F.E. Matheson and J.P. Sukias, Ecol. Eng., 36, 1260 (2010).
- N. Ran, M. Agami and G. Oron, Water Res., 38, 2241 (2004).
- J.R. Caicedo, N.P. Van der Steen, O. Arce and H.J. Gijzen, Water Res., 34, 3829 (2000).
- OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals no. 207 Earthworm Acute Toxicity Tests; OECD Adopted 4 April (1984).
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- M. Öztürk, Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Facultative Ponds, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara (2006) (in Turkish).
- M.D. Smith and I. Moelyevati, Water Sci. Technol., 31, 291 (2001).
- W. El-Kheir, G. Ismail, F.A. El-Nour, T. Tawfik and D. Hammad, Int. J. Agric. Biol., 9, 681 (2007).
- J. Zirschky and S.C. Reed, Water Poll. Cont. Fed., 60, 1253 (1988).
- L. Mandi, K. Bouhoum and N. Ouazzani, Water Sci. Technol., 38, 379 (1998).
- S. Körner, J.E. Vermaat and S. Veenstra, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 1583 (2003).
- N. Boniardi, G. Vatta, R. Rota, G. Nano and S. Carra, Chem. Eng. J., 54, B41 (1994).
- S. Körner and J.E. Vermaat, Water Res., 32, 3651 (1998).
- G.J. Alaerts, R. Mahbubar and P. Kelderman, Water Res., 30, 843 (1996).
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- M. Greenway and A. Woolley, Ecol. Eng., 12, 39 (1999).
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- A. Altay, H. Bayhan and L. Akca, Nutrient Removal Efficiency of the Natural Treatment System Utilizing Duckweed, Ist Uludag Environmental Engineering Symposium, Bursa (1996) (in Turkish).
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References
C. Lee, T.D. Fletcher and G. Sun, Eng. Life Sci., 9, 11 (2009).
F.E. Matheson and J.P. Sukias, Ecol. Eng., 36, 1260 (2010).
N. Ran, M. Agami and G. Oron, Water Res., 38, 2241 (2004).
J.R. Caicedo, N.P. Van der Steen, O. Arce and H.J. Gijzen, Water Res., 34, 3829 (2000).
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals no. 207 Earthworm Acute Toxicity Tests; OECD Adopted 4 April (1984).
A.O. Erdogan, G.E. Zengin and D.E. Orhon, Türkiye'de evsel atik su olusum miktarlari ve karakterizasyonu, Itüdergisi/e su kirlenmesi kontrolü, 15, pp. 57-69 (2005) (in Turkish).
APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater; American Public Health Association, Bultimore, USA. Washington D.C, edn. 21 (2005).
R. Cossu, K. Haarstad, M.C. Lavagnolo and P. Littarru, Ecol. Eng., 16, 459 (2001).
M. Öztürk, Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Facultative Ponds, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara (2006) (in Turkish).
M.D. Smith and I. Moelyevati, Water Sci. Technol., 31, 291 (2001).
W. El-Kheir, G. Ismail, F.A. El-Nour, T. Tawfik and D. Hammad, Int. J. Agric. Biol., 9, 681 (2007).
J. Zirschky and S.C. Reed, Water Poll. Cont. Fed., 60, 1253 (1988).
L. Mandi, K. Bouhoum and N. Ouazzani, Water Sci. Technol., 38, 379 (1998).
S. Körner, J.E. Vermaat and S. Veenstra, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 1583 (2003).
N. Boniardi, G. Vatta, R. Rota, G. Nano and S. Carra, Chem. Eng. J., 54, B41 (1994).
S. Körner and J.E. Vermaat, Water Res., 32, 3651 (1998).
G.J. Alaerts, R. Mahbubar and P. Kelderman, Water Res., 30, 843 (1996).
D.R. Gregory, Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Options for Urban Agriculture, International Develo-pment Research Centre Cities Feeding People Series Report 27 (1999).
S.M. Dotch and J.A. Gerald, Screening-Level Model for Estimating Pollutant Removal by Wetlands, Wetlands Research Program Technical Report WRP-CP-9 (1995).
W.F. DeBusk, Wastewater Treatment Wetlands: Applications and Treatment Efficiency. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida (1999).
B. Demirörs, M.Sc. Thesis, Research of the Utilization of Constructed Wetland Technology in Rural Areas of Cukurova Region, Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Cukurova (2006) (in Turkish).
FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, FAO, Rome, Italy (1999).
L. Akça, M. Tuna, M.F. Sevimli and H. Bayhan, Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands. First International Workshop on Environmental Quality and Environmental Engineering in the Middle East Region, Konya, Turkey (1998).
Anonymous, Design Manual: Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment, United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development (1998).
R.Y. Surampalli, R.G. Tyagi, O.K. Scheible and J.A. Heidman, Bioresour. Technol., 61, 151 (1997).
B. Sarialioglu, M.Sc. Thesis, Removal of COD and AKM from Domestic Wastewater Using Natural Wetland Systems Containing Deep-Rooted and Floating Plants, Istanbul University (2003) (in Turkish).
M. Greenway and A. Woolley, Ecol. Eng., 12, 39 (1999).
M.M. Fisher and K.R. Reddy, in eds.: K.R. Reddy and W.H. Smith, Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms.) for Improving Eutrophic Lake Water: Water Quality and Mass Balance, In: Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource Recovery, Magnolia Publishing, Orlando, Florida, pp. 969-976 (1987).
O. Zeren, Y. Uysal, H. Arslan, E.D. Avci and M. Yalvaç, Importance of Wastewater Treatment by Plants in Ecological Agriculture, 2nd Ecological Agriculture Symposium in Turkey, 14-16 Kasim, Antalya, Turkey (2001) (in Turkish).
H. Bayhan, L. Akça, A. Altay and S. Sakar, Nutrient Removal from Wastewater by Floating Aquatic Plants, Agriculture and Environment Relations Symposium, 13-15 Mayis, Mersin, Turkey (1996) (in Turkish).
S. Dirim, M.Sc. Thesis, Removal of Phosphorus by Plants in Natural Wetlands of Kelkit Downbasin, University of Sakarya (2006) (in Turkish).
A. Altay, H. Bayhan and L. Akca, Nutrient Removal Efficiency of the Natural Treatment System Utilizing Duckweed, Ist Uludag Environmental Engineering Symposium, Bursa (1996) (in Turkish).
J.E. Vermaat and M. Khalid Hanif, Water Res., 32, 2569 (1998).
S.-R. Jing, Y.-F. Lin, T.-W. Wang and D.-Y. Lee, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 690 (2002).