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Copyright (c) 2014 Mesut Aydingöz1, Mustafa Cemek2, Sait Bulut3
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Seasonal Change of Physico-Chemical Properties of Thermal Water from Afyonkarahisar Region
Corresponding Author(s) : Mesut Aydingöz1
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 26 No. 20 (2014)
Abstract
In this study, physico-chemical properties of water samples seasonally collected from well heads of 14 different hot springs in Afyonkarahisar were determined. In water samples, nitrate and nitrite were analyzed by a spectrophotometer, while 26 elements were analyzed by ICP-OES. Temperature of water samples were found to be in the range of 38 to 89 °C, pH values were in the range of 6.31 to 7.91, while conductivity values were in the range of 281 to 1624 μS/cm. With respect to water samples, it was discovered that boron and arsenic values in 13 hot springs, calcium values in 5 hot springs, barium values in 2 hot springs, manganese values in 1 hot spring and phosphorus value in 2 hot springs in autumn and summer, potasssium and lithium values in all hot springs were higher than the standard values of WHO and TSE-266. Thermal water from the research site were considered to be used in broader fields and contribute more to economy, while it was concluded that high values should be taken into account during use.
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- E. Barbier, Geothermal Energy Technology and Current Status: An Overview, Italy (2002).
- DOE (U.S. Department of Energy), Geothermal Today, Geothermal Energy Program Highlights, Clean Energy for the 21st Century (1999).
- F. Akkurt, A. Alicilar and O. Sendil, Sularda bulunan nitratin adsorbsiyon yoluyla uzaklastirilmasi, Ankara, Turkey (2002).
- M. Disli and F. Akkurt, Alicilar, San, Sanliurfa Balikligöl Suyunun bazi Kimyasal Paramatrelerinin Mevsimlere Göre Degisiminin Degerlendirilmesi, Sanliurfa (2004).
- Ö. Yilmaz, Geothermal Fields and Using in Afyonkarahisar, Afyon (1999).
- S.A.G., TC Ministry of Industry and Trade, General Directorate of Industrial Research and Development, Afyonkarahisar Industry Potential and Areas of Investment Research, Ankara, Turkey (2000).
- F. Saatçi, H. Hakerlerler, H. Tuncay and B. Okur, Izmir ili ve Civarindaki Bazi Önemli Endüstri Kuruluslarinin Tarim Arazileri ve Sulama Sularinda Olusturduklari Çevre Kirliligi Sorunu Üzerinde Bir Arastirma, E.Ü. Arastirma Fonu Proje No: 127, Bornova-Izmir (1988).
- K.M. Miranda, M.G. Espey and D.A. Wink, A Rapid, Simple Spectro-photometric Method for Simultaneous Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite, Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA (2001).
- B. Keskin, Çubuk-Meliksah Sondaji kuyu Bitirme raporu, MTA Report, No. 5737, Ankara (1976).
- A.J. Ellis and W.A.J. Mahon, Chemistry and Geothermal System, Academic Press, New York (1977).
- S. Simsek, Kizildere-Tekkehamami-Tosunlar-Buldan-Yenice Alaninin Jeolojisi ve jeotermal enerji olanaklari, MTA report, No. 7846, Denizli (1984).
- M. Güven and I. Taskin, Simav-Nasa (Kütahya) sicak su sondaji (N-1) kuyu bitirme raporu. MTA report, No. 7903, Kütahya (1985).
- E. Ölmez, Z. Demirel and Ö.F. Uzel, Eskisehir ES-1 ve ES-2 sicak su sondajlari kuyu bitirme raporu. MTA report, No. 8142, Eskisehir (1986).
- S. Yilmazer, Geological Geophysical Studies in the Dikili-Bergama (Izmir) Geothermal Field of Turkey, MTA report, No. 8244, Izmir (1986).
- H. Özeke and H.L. Çetiner, Ankara Ayas Karakaya Kaplicasi AK-1 ve AK-2 sicak su sondajlari kuyu bitirme raporu, MTA report, No. 8195, Ankara (1987).
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- B. Erisen, A.R. Can and N. Yildirim, Simav-Eynal (Kütahya) jeotermal alani EJ-1 ve EJ-2 sicak su sondajlari kuyu bitirme raporu, MTA report, No. 8916, Kütahya (1989).
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- N. Güleç, Turkey J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 59, 295 (1994).
- Ü. Gemici and G. Tarcan, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 72, 11071114 (2004).
- TSE-266, Içilebilir Sularin Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özellikleri (1997).
- WHO, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Addendum to Vol. 1. Recommendations, edn. 2, Geneva: World Health Organisation (1998).
- H.J. Adriogué and D.E. Wesson, Blackwell's Basics of Medicine: Potassium, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, MA, USA, (1994).
- R.J. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary edn. 13, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA (1997).
- V.M. Campese, Hypertension, 23, 531 (1994).
- P. Garzon and M.J. Eisenberg, Am. J. Med., 105, 125 (1998).
- A.H. Barati, A. Maleki and M. Alasvand, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 1523 (2010).
- A. Mora, C. Mac-Quhae, M. Calzadilla and L. Sánchez, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 752 (2009).
- G.A. Wasserman, X. Liu, F. Parvez, H. Ahsan, D. Levy, P. Factor-Litvak, J. Kline, A. van Geen, V. Slavkovich, N.J. LoIacono, Z.Q. Cheng, Y. Zheng and J.H. Graziano, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 124 (2006).
- E.T. Gyamfi, M. Ackah, A.K. Anim, J.K. Hanson, L. Kpattah, S. Enti-Brown, Y. Adjei-Kyereme and E.S. Nyarko, Proceed. Int. Academy Ecol. Environ. Sci., 2, 118 (2012).
- O. Yilmaz and Y. Kesici, YYÜ Fen ve Veterinerlik Dergisi, 15, 4751 (2004).
- R.K. Dhar, Curr. Sci., 73, 48 (1997).
- D. Mazumder and J. Das Gupta, Bull. World Health Organ., 70, 481 (1992).
References
E. Barbier, Geothermal Energy Technology and Current Status: An Overview, Italy (2002).
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy), Geothermal Today, Geothermal Energy Program Highlights, Clean Energy for the 21st Century (1999).
F. Akkurt, A. Alicilar and O. Sendil, Sularda bulunan nitratin adsorbsiyon yoluyla uzaklastirilmasi, Ankara, Turkey (2002).
M. Disli and F. Akkurt, Alicilar, San, Sanliurfa Balikligöl Suyunun bazi Kimyasal Paramatrelerinin Mevsimlere Göre Degisiminin Degerlendirilmesi, Sanliurfa (2004).
Ö. Yilmaz, Geothermal Fields and Using in Afyonkarahisar, Afyon (1999).
S.A.G., TC Ministry of Industry and Trade, General Directorate of Industrial Research and Development, Afyonkarahisar Industry Potential and Areas of Investment Research, Ankara, Turkey (2000).
F. Saatçi, H. Hakerlerler, H. Tuncay and B. Okur, Izmir ili ve Civarindaki Bazi Önemli Endüstri Kuruluslarinin Tarim Arazileri ve Sulama Sularinda Olusturduklari Çevre Kirliligi Sorunu Üzerinde Bir Arastirma, E.Ü. Arastirma Fonu Proje No: 127, Bornova-Izmir (1988).
K.M. Miranda, M.G. Espey and D.A. Wink, A Rapid, Simple Spectro-photometric Method for Simultaneous Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite, Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA (2001).
B. Keskin, Çubuk-Meliksah Sondaji kuyu Bitirme raporu, MTA Report, No. 5737, Ankara (1976).
A.J. Ellis and W.A.J. Mahon, Chemistry and Geothermal System, Academic Press, New York (1977).
S. Simsek, Kizildere-Tekkehamami-Tosunlar-Buldan-Yenice Alaninin Jeolojisi ve jeotermal enerji olanaklari, MTA report, No. 7846, Denizli (1984).
M. Güven and I. Taskin, Simav-Nasa (Kütahya) sicak su sondaji (N-1) kuyu bitirme raporu. MTA report, No. 7903, Kütahya (1985).
E. Ölmez, Z. Demirel and Ö.F. Uzel, Eskisehir ES-1 ve ES-2 sicak su sondajlari kuyu bitirme raporu. MTA report, No. 8142, Eskisehir (1986).
S. Yilmazer, Geological Geophysical Studies in the Dikili-Bergama (Izmir) Geothermal Field of Turkey, MTA report, No. 8244, Izmir (1986).
H. Özeke and H.L. Çetiner, Ankara Ayas Karakaya Kaplicasi AK-1 ve AK-2 sicak su sondajlari kuyu bitirme raporu, MTA report, No. 8195, Ankara (1987).
A.G. Tekin and H.L. Çetiner, Konya-Beysehir-Kösk Kaplicasi K-1 sicak su sondaji kuyu bitirme raporu, MTA report No. 8537, Konya (1988).
B. Erisen, A.R. Can and N. Yildirim, Simav-Eynal (Kütahya) jeotermal alani EJ-1 ve EJ-2 sicak su sondajlari kuyu bitirme raporu, MTA report, No. 8916, Kütahya (1989).
T. Esder, I. Akkus, S. Demirci, K. Çiçekli and S. Yilmazer, Izmir-Seferihisar Cumali-1 jeotermal enerji aramasi kuyu bitirme raporu. MTA report, No. 8146, Izmir (1983).
S. Yilmazer and Z. Sünger, Izmir Balçova Kaplicalarinda açilan BS-1, BS-10 ve BS-11 No'lu kuyularin sicak su sondaji bitirme raporu, MTA report, No. 8782, Izmir (1989).
G. Öktü and Ö.F. Tamgaç, Kütahya Yoncali Kaplicasi sicak su sondajlari (YON-1 ve YON-2) kuyu bitirme raporu. MTAreport, No. 9051, Kütahya (1990).
A. Akbasli, Nigde-Sofular (Acigöl Narligöl) sicak su sondajlari (Nar-1, MTA-1, MTA-2, MTA-3) kuyu bitirme raporu, MTA Report, No. 9407, Nigde (1992).
A. Ulusahin and Ö.F. Tamgaç, Gediz (Kütahya) Abide Kaplicasi sicak su sondajina yönelik etüd., MTA report, No. 9675, Kütahya (1994).
N. Güleç, Turkey J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 59, 295 (1994).
Ü. Gemici and G. Tarcan, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 72, 11071114 (2004).
TSE-266, Içilebilir Sularin Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özellikleri (1997).
WHO, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Addendum to Vol. 1. Recommendations, edn. 2, Geneva: World Health Organisation (1998).
H.J. Adriogué and D.E. Wesson, Blackwell's Basics of Medicine: Potassium, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, MA, USA, (1994).
R.J. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary edn. 13, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA (1997).
V.M. Campese, Hypertension, 23, 531 (1994).
P. Garzon and M.J. Eisenberg, Am. J. Med., 105, 125 (1998).
A.H. Barati, A. Maleki and M. Alasvand, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 1523 (2010).
A. Mora, C. Mac-Quhae, M. Calzadilla and L. Sánchez, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 752 (2009).
G.A. Wasserman, X. Liu, F. Parvez, H. Ahsan, D. Levy, P. Factor-Litvak, J. Kline, A. van Geen, V. Slavkovich, N.J. LoIacono, Z.Q. Cheng, Y. Zheng and J.H. Graziano, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 124 (2006).
E.T. Gyamfi, M. Ackah, A.K. Anim, J.K. Hanson, L. Kpattah, S. Enti-Brown, Y. Adjei-Kyereme and E.S. Nyarko, Proceed. Int. Academy Ecol. Environ. Sci., 2, 118 (2012).
O. Yilmaz and Y. Kesici, YYÜ Fen ve Veterinerlik Dergisi, 15, 4751 (2004).
R.K. Dhar, Curr. Sci., 73, 48 (1997).
D. Mazumder and J. Das Gupta, Bull. World Health Organ., 70, 481 (1992).