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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Characteristics of Nitrogen Hydrates Respond to Thermo-Analytical Technique
Corresponding Author(s) : Qiang Chen
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 26 No. 17 (2014): Vol 26 Issue 17
Abstract
In this study, a high pressure differential scanning calorimetry, based upon a thermo-analytical technique, was applied in order to investigate the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of nitrogen hydrates. The phase equilibrium conditions and the dissociation heat were determined by analyzing the endothermic heat flow curves during the hydrate dissociation process. In the nucleation stage, exothermic heat flow curves provided a lot of information about the kinetics, such as sub-cooling, nucleation time and the growth speed of hydrates crystals. In the bulk phase system, sub-cooling played an important part in the formation process of hydrates. However, other factors, such as the gas supply method, as well as the limitations that are inherent to the experimental apparatus also affected the reaction. It seems that, unlike the relatively stable behaviour in dissociation, hydrate nucleation and formation rely upon a probabilistic scheme.
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- E.D. Sloan Jr. and C. Koh, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, edn. 3, pp. 528-576 (2008).
- J.S. Gudmundsson, 4th International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Yolohoma, Japan, pp. 912-915 (2002).
- E.G. Hammerschmidt, Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 851 (1934).
- S.G. Hatzikiriakos and P. Englezos, Chem. Eng. Sci., 48, 3963 (1993).
- S.G. Hatzikiriakos and P. Englezos, Offshore and Pol. Eng. J., 4, 162 (1994).
- N. Wu, H. Zhang and S. Yang, Nat. Gas. Ind, 27, 1 (2007).
- G. Holder, P.F. Angert, V. John and S. Yen, J. Pet. Technol., 34, 1127 (1982).
- S.Y. Lee and G.D. Holder, Fuel Process. Technol., 71, 181 (2001).
- M. Pooladi-Darvish, J. Pet. Technol., 56, 65 (2004).
- Y.P. Handa and D.Y. Stupin, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 8599 (1992).
- J.B. Klauda and S.I. Sandler, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 3377 (2000).
- J.B. Klauda and S.I. Sandler, Mar. Pet. Geol., 20, 459 (2003).
- T. Uchida, T. Ebinuma and T. Ishizaki, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 3659 (1999).
- Y. Handa, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 18, 891 (1986).
- Y. Handa, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 18, 915 (1986).
- S.P. Kang, H. Lee and B.J. Ryu, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 33, 513 (2001).
- C. Dalmazzone, B. Herzhaft, L. Rousseau, P. Parlouer and D. Dalmazzone, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, pp. 1980-1985 (2003).
- A. Gupta, J. Lachance, E.D. Sloan Jr. and C.A. Koh, Chem. Eng. Sci., 63, 5848 (2008).
- C.A. Koh, R.E. Westacott, W. Zhang, K. Hirachand, J.L. Creek and A.K. Soper, Fluid Phase Equilib., 194-197, 143 (2002).
- B. Fouconnier, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Technology, France (2002).
- D. Dalmazzone, M. Kharrat, V. Lachet, B. Fouconnier and D. Clausse, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 70, 493 (2002).
- D. Dalmazzone, D. Clausse, C. Dalmazzone and B. Herzhaft, Am. Mineral., 89, 1183 (2004).
- D. Dalmazzone, N. Hamed, C. Dalmazzone and L. Rousseau, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 85, 361 (2006).
- A. Van Cleeff and G. Diepen, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays Bas, 84, 1085 (1965).
- D. Kashchiev and A. Firoozabadi, J. Cryst. Growth, 241, 220 (2002).
- D. Huang, J. Geophys. Res., 110, 1311 (2005).
- D. Dalmazzone, N. Hamed and C. Dalmazzone, Chem. Eng. Sci., 64, 2020 (2009).
- S.R. Davies, K.C. Hester, J.W. Lachance, C.A. Koh and E. Dendy Sloan, Chem. Eng. Sci., 64, 370 (2009).
- M. Kharrat and D. Dalmazzone, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 35, 1489 (2003).
- M. Richardson, Thermochim. Acta, 300, 15 (1997).
References
E.D. Sloan Jr. and C. Koh, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, edn. 3, pp. 528-576 (2008).
J.S. Gudmundsson, 4th International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Yolohoma, Japan, pp. 912-915 (2002).
E.G. Hammerschmidt, Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 851 (1934).
S.G. Hatzikiriakos and P. Englezos, Chem. Eng. Sci., 48, 3963 (1993).
S.G. Hatzikiriakos and P. Englezos, Offshore and Pol. Eng. J., 4, 162 (1994).
N. Wu, H. Zhang and S. Yang, Nat. Gas. Ind, 27, 1 (2007).
G. Holder, P.F. Angert, V. John and S. Yen, J. Pet. Technol., 34, 1127 (1982).
S.Y. Lee and G.D. Holder, Fuel Process. Technol., 71, 181 (2001).
M. Pooladi-Darvish, J. Pet. Technol., 56, 65 (2004).
Y.P. Handa and D.Y. Stupin, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 8599 (1992).
J.B. Klauda and S.I. Sandler, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 3377 (2000).
J.B. Klauda and S.I. Sandler, Mar. Pet. Geol., 20, 459 (2003).
T. Uchida, T. Ebinuma and T. Ishizaki, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 3659 (1999).
Y. Handa, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 18, 891 (1986).
Y. Handa, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 18, 915 (1986).
S.P. Kang, H. Lee and B.J. Ryu, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 33, 513 (2001).
C. Dalmazzone, B. Herzhaft, L. Rousseau, P. Parlouer and D. Dalmazzone, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, pp. 1980-1985 (2003).
A. Gupta, J. Lachance, E.D. Sloan Jr. and C.A. Koh, Chem. Eng. Sci., 63, 5848 (2008).
C.A. Koh, R.E. Westacott, W. Zhang, K. Hirachand, J.L. Creek and A.K. Soper, Fluid Phase Equilib., 194-197, 143 (2002).
B. Fouconnier, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Technology, France (2002).
D. Dalmazzone, M. Kharrat, V. Lachet, B. Fouconnier and D. Clausse, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 70, 493 (2002).
D. Dalmazzone, D. Clausse, C. Dalmazzone and B. Herzhaft, Am. Mineral., 89, 1183 (2004).
D. Dalmazzone, N. Hamed, C. Dalmazzone and L. Rousseau, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 85, 361 (2006).
A. Van Cleeff and G. Diepen, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays Bas, 84, 1085 (1965).
D. Kashchiev and A. Firoozabadi, J. Cryst. Growth, 241, 220 (2002).
D. Huang, J. Geophys. Res., 110, 1311 (2005).
D. Dalmazzone, N. Hamed and C. Dalmazzone, Chem. Eng. Sci., 64, 2020 (2009).
S.R. Davies, K.C. Hester, J.W. Lachance, C.A. Koh and E. Dendy Sloan, Chem. Eng. Sci., 64, 370 (2009).
M. Kharrat and D. Dalmazzone, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 35, 1489 (2003).
M. Richardson, Thermochim. Acta, 300, 15 (1997).