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Effect of Various Catalysts on Biodiesel Production from Biomass of Freshwater Algae
Corresponding Author(s) : Farooq Ahmad
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 25 No. 8 (2013): Vol 25 Issue 8
Abstract
Catalyst selection for transesterification of oil to biodiesel depends on composition of oil and its source. Algal biomass is a cheaper and effective source for this purpose. Chlorella vulgaris, Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum and mixed algae culture (Microspora sp., Navicula sp., Lyngbya sp., Cladophora sp., Spirogyra sp. and Rhizoclonium sp.) were selected for current study. Several variables such as solvent types (acetone, hexane and methanol), extraction time (60-300 min), molar ratio (1:1, 3:1 and 6:1), catalyst types (Na, NaOH, KOH and H2SO4), catalyst concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %) and transesterification reaction time (20-100 min) were used for extraction of oil and biodiesel production. Highest quantity of oil was extracted using hexane as a solvent while highest biodiesel yield (93.93 %) was obtained from transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris oil under 3:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio, Na catalyst (1 %) and 1 h of reaction time. The work investigated that biodiesel properties are comparable to ASTM standards hence it can be used as vehicular fuel.
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- J.V. Gerpen, Fuel Process. Technol., 86, 1097 (2005).
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- F. Ma, L.D. Clements and M.A. Hanna, Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 41, 1261 (1998).
- M.I. Al-Widyan and A.O. Al-Shyoukh, Bioresour. Technol., 85, 253 (2002).
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References
P. Greg, Biodiesel: Growing a New Energy Economy, Foreword by B. McKibben, United States, edn. 2 (2008).
H.E. Hoydoncx, D.E. De Vos, S.A. Chavan and P.A. Jacobs, Topic Catal., 27, 83 (2004).
A. Demirbas, Biodiesel: A Realistic Fuel Alternative for Diesel Engines, Springer Verlag, edn. 1, X, 208 p. 63 (2008).
G. Anastopoulos, E. Lois,A. Serdari, F. Zanikos, S. Stournas and S. Kalligeros, Energy Fuels, 15, 106 (2001).
A.S. Carlsson, J.B. van Beilen, R. Moler and D. Clayton, Micro and Macro Algae: Utility for Industrial Application. EPOBIO Project, University of New York (2007.
S.A. Khan, Rashmi and M.Z. Hussain, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, New Delhi, India (2009).
J.N. Rosenberg, G.A. Oyler, L. Wilkinson and M.J. Betenbaugh, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 19, 430 (2008).
J. Sheehan, T. Dunahay, J. Benemann and P. Roesler, A Look Back at the US Department of Energy’s Aquatic Species Program-Biodiesel from Algae, National Renewable Energy Program (1998).
Y. Chisti, Biotechnol. Adv., 25, 294 (2007).
D. Samios, F. Pedrotti, A. Nicolau, Q.B. Reiznautt, D.D. Martini and F.M. Dalcin, Fuel Process. Technol., 90, 599 (2009).
A.B.M.S. Hossain and M.A. Mazen, Aust. J. Crop Sci., 4, 550 (2010).
A. Widjaja, C. Chien and Y. Ju, J. Taiwan (Chin) Inst. Chem. Eng., 40, 13 (2009).
M. Letellier and H. Budzinski, Analysis, 27, 259 (1999).
X. Lang, A.K. Dalai, N.N. Bakhshi, M.J. Reaney and P.B. Hertz, Bioresour. Technol., 80, 53 (2001).
M. Charoenchaitrakool and J. Thienmethangkoon, Fuel Process. Technol., 92, 112 (2011).
X. Miao and Q. Wu, Bioresour. Technol., 97, 841 (2006).
K. Vijayaraghavan and K. Hemanathan, Energy Fuels, 23, 5448 (2009).
M.Y. Raie, Oil, Fats and Waxes, National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan, GNE-16760, edn. 1 (2008).
Y. Chisti, Eng. Manage. J., 5, 261 (2006).
C. Jimenez, B.R. Cossio and F.X. Niell, Aquaculture, 221, 331 (2003).
N.M. Verma, S. Mehrotra,A. Shukla and B.N. Mishra, Afr. J. Biotechnol., 9, 1402 (2010).
R. Harun, M. Singh, G.M. Forde and M.K. Danquah, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 14, 1037 (2010).
A. Banerjee, R. Sharma, Y. Chisti and U.C. Banerjee, Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 22, 245 (2002).
Y. Li, M. Min, Q. Kong, L. Wang, Y. Chen, P. Chen, G.C. Zittelli, L. Rodolfo, N. Biondi and M.R. Tredici, Aquaculture, 261, 932 (2006).
T. Mutanda, D. Ramesh, S. Karthikeyan, S. Kumari, A. Anandraj and F. Bux, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 57 (2011).
J.V. Gerpen, Fuel Process. Technol., 86, 1097 (2005).
L.C. Meher, D.V. Sagar and S.N. Naik, Renew. Sustain. Ener. Rev., 10, 248 (2006).
F. Ma, L.D. Clements and M.A. Hanna, Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 41, 1261 (1998).
M.I. Al-Widyan and A.O. Al-Shyoukh, Bioresour. Technol., 85, 253 (2002).
B.H. Um and Y.S. Kim, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 15, 1 (2009).
G. Huang, F. Chen, D. Wei, X. Zhang and G. Chen, Appl. Energ., 87, 38 (2010).
L. Rodolfi, G.C. Zittelli, N. Bassi, G. Padovani, N. Biondi, G. Bonini and M.R. Tredici, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 102, 100 (2009).