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Rheological Modeling, Surface Morphology and Physico-chemical Properties of Anogeissus leiocarpus Gum
Corresponding Author(s) : Nnabuk Okon Eddy
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 25 No. 3 (2013): Vol 25 Issue 3
Abstract
Physicochemical studies on Anogeissus leiocarpus gum (AL gum) indicated that the gum is mildly acidic, ionic, odourless, yellowish-red and is soluble in water (but insoluble in ethanol, acetone and chloroform). The gum has significant concentration of essential elements (Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn) and low concentrations of heavy metals (Pb and Cd). The protein content of the sample was also found to be low (»5 %). Scanning electron micrograph of the gum revealed that the gum is irregularly shaped and amorphous. Rheological study indicated that the viscosity of the gum increases with increasing pH and concentration but decreases with increase in temperature. The apparent activation energy of flow for Anogeissus leiocarpus gum (calculated from Arrhenius-Frenkel-Eyring plot) was 3.16 suggesting the presence of fewer inter and intra molecular interaction. Values of intrinsic viscosity obtained from Huggins and Kraemer plots were similar (8.82) while those obtained from Tanglertpaibul and Roa plots ranged from 3.50 to 11.82 dL/g. From the plot of speed of rotation versus viscosity, viscosity versus shear rate and shear stress versus shear rate, a non Newtonian behaviour (dilatant) with characteristics shear thickening property was verified for Anogeissus leiocarpus gum. Calculated ‘b’ value of 1.108 was obtained through the application of the power law equation and is associated with random coil conformation or entanglement. Analysis of the master's curve shows that random coil conformation or entanglement is proposed to occur at C[h]~ 4.0, i.e. at hsp = 2.19 (hrel = 3.19).
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- J.P. Hans, Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel: Their Characteristic and Uses; Print by Typo-druck (1990).
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References
J.P. Hans, Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel: Their Characteristic and Uses; Print by Typo-druck (1990).
H.M. Elamin, Trees and Shrubs of the Sudan. Thaca Pree, Exeter, England (1990).
N.O. Hollist, A Collection of Traditional Yoruba Oral and Dental Medicaments. Book Builders Publishers Ltd. Ibadan, pp. 83-87 (2004).
N.E. Siddig, M.E. Osman, S. Al-Assaf, G.O. Phillips and P.A. Williams, Food hydrocolloids, 19, 679 (2005).
F.F. Simas-Tosin, R.R. Barraza, C.LO. Petkowicz, J.L.M. Silveira, G.L. Sassaki, E.M.R. Santos, P.A.J. Gorin and M. Iacomini, Food Hydrocoll., 24, 486 (2010).
S.A. Umoren, E.E. Ebenso, P.C. Okafor, U.J. Ekpe and O. Ogbobe, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 103, 2810 (2006).
S.A. Umoren, O. Ogbobe, E.E. Ebenso and U.J. Ekpe, Pigment Resin Technol., 35, 284 (2006).
S.A. Umoren, O. Ogbobe, I.E. Igwe and E.E. Ebenso, Corros. Sci., 50, 1998 (2008).
R.C.M. de Paula, S.A. Santana and J.F. Rodrigues, Carbohyd. Polym., 44, 133 (2001).
G.S. Mhinzi, Food Chem., 77, 301 (2002).
H.T. Jalal, Z.J. Ebrahimian, D.V. Evtuguin and C.P. Neto, Ind. Crops Prod., 33, 549 (2011).
I. Bonaduce, H. Brecoulaki, M.P. Colombini, A. Liuveras, V. Restivo and E. Ribechini, J. Chromatogr. A, 1175, 275 (2007).
J. Higiro, T.J. Herald and S. Alavi, Food Res. Int., 39, 165 (2006).
K. Khounvilay and W. Sittikijyothin, Food Hydrocoll., 26, 334 (2011).
F. Smith and R. Montgomery, The Chemistry of Plant Gums and Mucilages, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York (1959).
M. Femi-Oyewo, O. Musliu and O. Taiwo, Trop. J. Pharmaceut. Res., 3, 279 (2004).
S.J. Carter, Tutorial Pharmacy: Solution. Great Britain: Pitman Press: pp. 1-8 (2005).
L.C.R. Pablyana, R.C.M. de Paula and P.A. Feitosa, Int. J. Biol. Macro., 41, 324 (2007).
R.G. Gennero, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lincott Williams and Wilkins, US, edn 20 (2000).
A. Abdulsalamad, P.G. Bhatia and J.E. Ojile, Nig. J. Pharm. Res., 5, 40 (2006).
British Pharmacopoeia, The Medicine Commission, London Stationery Office, vol. 1 and 2 (1980).
S.G. Anema, K.E. Lowe and Y. Li, Int. Dairy J., 14, 541 (2004).
C. Calvo, F. Martinez-Checa,A. Mota and E. Quesada, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 20, 205 (1998).
G.V. Vinogradov and A.Y. Malkin, Rheology of Polymers, Viscoelasticity and Flow of Polymers, Mir, Moscow, pp. 105-121 (1980).
R.C.M. de Paula and J.F. Rodrigues, Carbohyd. Polym., 26, 177 (1995).
E.P. Varfolomeeva, V.Y. Grinberg and V.B. Toistogusov, Polym. Bull., 2, 613 (1980).
D.A. Silva, R.C.M. de Paula, J.P.A. Feitosa,A.C.F. de Brito, J.S. Maciel and H.C.B. Paula, Carbohyd. Polym., 58, 163 (2004).
L. Lar and H.R. Chiang, Food Hydrocoll., 16, 427 (2002).
X. Ma and M. Pawlik, Carbohyd. Polym., 70, 15 (2007).
T. Sakai, Polym. Sci. Part A-2: Polym. Phys., 6, 1535 (2003).
T. Tanglertpaibul and M.A. Rao, J. Food Sci., 52, 1642 (1987).
L.S. Lai, J. Tung and P.S. Lin, Food Hydrocoll., 14, 287 (2000)