Copyright (c) 2013 AJC
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Recycling of Red Mud as a Building Material via a Stabilization/Solidification Method
Corresponding Author(s) : Esra Tinmaz Kose
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 25 No. 1 (2013): Vol 25 Issue 1
Abstract
This study examines stabilization/solidification techniques for red mud/cement systems that involve the production of construction products while minimizing contamination and recycling the red mud. In these techniques, the polluted components of red mud are fixed in a cement body via adsorption and confinement mechanisms and thus, the possible impact of these pollutants on the environment is minimized. In the first step of this study, the physical, chemical, radioactive and mineralogical properties of the material used were determined. Second, red mud was used to replace portland cement in the following proportions: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50 % of portland cement by weight. Finally, the usability of red mud as a construction product and the environmental effects of such usage were determined.
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- C.Y. Lee, H.G. Song, K.S. Jang, E.J. Oh, A.J. Epstien and J. Joo, Synth. Met., 102, 1346 (1999).
- H.L. Wang, A.G. MacDiarmid, Y.Z. Wang, D.D. Gebler and A.J. Epstein, Synth. Met., 78, 33 (1996).
- Y.Z. Wang, D.D. Gebler, L.B. Lin, J.W. Blatchford, S.W. Jessen, H.L. Wang and A. Epstein, J. Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 894 (1996).
- A. Gok, M. Omastova and J. Prokes, Eur. Polym. J., 43, 2471 (2007).
- K.G. Neoh, T.T. Young, N.T. Looi, E.T. Kang and K.L. Tan,Chem. Mater., 9, 2906 (1997).
- J. Wang, K.G. Neoh and E.T. Kang, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci., 239, 78 (2000).
- Y. Xu, L. Dai, J. Chen, J.Y. Gal and H. Wu, Eur. Polym. J., 43, 2072 (2007).
- C. Basavaraja, Y. Veeranagouda, L. Kyoung, R. Pierson, M. Revanasiddappa and D.S. Huh, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 29, 2423 (2008).
- K.H. Wu, C.M. Chao, C.H. Liu and T.C. Chang, Corr. Sci., 49, 3001 (2007).
- S.A. Chen, K.R. Chung, C.I. Chao and H.T. Lee, Synth. Met., 82, 207 (1996).
- S.L. Lim, K.L. Tan and E.T. Kang, Langmuir, 14, 5305 (1998).
- C.P. Wong and S.B. Raja, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 74, 3396 (1999).
- Y. Haba, E. Segal, M. Narkis, G.I. Titleman and A. Siegmann, Synth. Met., 110, 189 (2000).
- T.C.K. Yang, S.H.Y. Tsai, S.F. Wang and C.C. Juan,Compos. Sci. Technol., 62, 655 (2002).
- R.H. Pelton and P. Chibante, Colloids Surf., 20, 247 (1986).
- R.C. Silva, L. Arizmendi, M.D. Angel and J.R. Gracia, Langmuir, 23, 8 (2007).
- B.C. Kim, G.M. Spinks, C.O. Too, G.G. Wallace, Y.H. Bae and N. Ogata, React. Funct. Polym., 44, 245 (2000).
- R. Sinha and U. Dayal, Geoenvironmental Design Practices for Flyash Disposal and Utilization, Allied Publishers, New Delhi (2002).
- C. Basavaraja, R. Pierson and D.S. Huh, J. App. Polym. Sci., 108, 1070 (2008).
- C. Basavaraja, R. Pierson, T.K. Vishnuvardhan and D.S. Huh, Eur. Polym. J., 44, 1556 (2008).
- H.L. Hwang, C.Y. Sun, C.Y. Leu, C.L. Cheng and C.C. Tu, Rev. Phys. Appl., 745 (1978).
- A.B. Kaiser, Adv. Mater., 13, 927 (2001).
- H.M. Rosenberg, Low Temperature Solid State Physics, Oxford University Press, U.K. (2000).
- N.F. Mott and E.A. Davis, Electronic Process in Non-Crystalline Materials, Glarndon Press, Oxford (1971).
- Z.X. Zhou, G. Cao, S. McCall, J.E. Grow, R.P. Guertin, C.H. Mielke and D.G. Rgckel, Philios. Magaz. B, 82, 1401 (2002).
- S.F. Yasin, A.M. Zihlif and A. Ragosta, J. Mater. Sci., 16, 63 (2005).
- S.C. Raghavendra, S. Khasim, M. Revanasiddappa, M.V.N. Ambika Prasad and A.B. Kulkarni, Bull. Mater. Sci., 26, 733 (2003).
- C. Basavaraja, R. Pierson, T.K. Vishnuvardhan and D.S. Huh, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 29, 1669 (2008).
References
C.Y. Lee, H.G. Song, K.S. Jang, E.J. Oh, A.J. Epstien and J. Joo, Synth. Met., 102, 1346 (1999).
H.L. Wang, A.G. MacDiarmid, Y.Z. Wang, D.D. Gebler and A.J. Epstein, Synth. Met., 78, 33 (1996).
Y.Z. Wang, D.D. Gebler, L.B. Lin, J.W. Blatchford, S.W. Jessen, H.L. Wang and A. Epstein, J. Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 894 (1996).
A. Gok, M. Omastova and J. Prokes, Eur. Polym. J., 43, 2471 (2007).
K.G. Neoh, T.T. Young, N.T. Looi, E.T. Kang and K.L. Tan,Chem. Mater., 9, 2906 (1997).
J. Wang, K.G. Neoh and E.T. Kang, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci., 239, 78 (2000).
Y. Xu, L. Dai, J. Chen, J.Y. Gal and H. Wu, Eur. Polym. J., 43, 2072 (2007).
C. Basavaraja, Y. Veeranagouda, L. Kyoung, R. Pierson, M. Revanasiddappa and D.S. Huh, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 29, 2423 (2008).
K.H. Wu, C.M. Chao, C.H. Liu and T.C. Chang, Corr. Sci., 49, 3001 (2007).
S.A. Chen, K.R. Chung, C.I. Chao and H.T. Lee, Synth. Met., 82, 207 (1996).
S.L. Lim, K.L. Tan and E.T. Kang, Langmuir, 14, 5305 (1998).
C.P. Wong and S.B. Raja, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 74, 3396 (1999).
Y. Haba, E. Segal, M. Narkis, G.I. Titleman and A. Siegmann, Synth. Met., 110, 189 (2000).
T.C.K. Yang, S.H.Y. Tsai, S.F. Wang and C.C. Juan,Compos. Sci. Technol., 62, 655 (2002).
R.H. Pelton and P. Chibante, Colloids Surf., 20, 247 (1986).
R.C. Silva, L. Arizmendi, M.D. Angel and J.R. Gracia, Langmuir, 23, 8 (2007).
B.C. Kim, G.M. Spinks, C.O. Too, G.G. Wallace, Y.H. Bae and N. Ogata, React. Funct. Polym., 44, 245 (2000).
R. Sinha and U. Dayal, Geoenvironmental Design Practices for Flyash Disposal and Utilization, Allied Publishers, New Delhi (2002).
C. Basavaraja, R. Pierson and D.S. Huh, J. App. Polym. Sci., 108, 1070 (2008).
C. Basavaraja, R. Pierson, T.K. Vishnuvardhan and D.S. Huh, Eur. Polym. J., 44, 1556 (2008).
H.L. Hwang, C.Y. Sun, C.Y. Leu, C.L. Cheng and C.C. Tu, Rev. Phys. Appl., 745 (1978).
A.B. Kaiser, Adv. Mater., 13, 927 (2001).
H.M. Rosenberg, Low Temperature Solid State Physics, Oxford University Press, U.K. (2000).
N.F. Mott and E.A. Davis, Electronic Process in Non-Crystalline Materials, Glarndon Press, Oxford (1971).
Z.X. Zhou, G. Cao, S. McCall, J.E. Grow, R.P. Guertin, C.H. Mielke and D.G. Rgckel, Philios. Magaz. B, 82, 1401 (2002).
S.F. Yasin, A.M. Zihlif and A. Ragosta, J. Mater. Sci., 16, 63 (2005).
S.C. Raghavendra, S. Khasim, M. Revanasiddappa, M.V.N. Ambika Prasad and A.B. Kulkarni, Bull. Mater. Sci., 26, 733 (2003).
C. Basavaraja, R. Pierson, T.K. Vishnuvardhan and D.S. Huh, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 29, 1669 (2008).