Issue

Vol. 32 No. 12 (2020): Vol 32 Issue 12, 2020

Copyright (c) 2020 AJC

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Green Production of Potassium Sulfate by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Carrageenan

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22917
Jose Paolo O. Bantang
Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Chemistry Department, Technological University of the Philippines, Ayala Blvd, Ermita, 1000 Manila, Philippines
Drexel H. Camacho
Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 32 No. 12 (2020): Vol 32 Issue 12, 2020

Abstract

A novel green method of producing potassium sulfate from a sustainable source is described. Aqueous carrageenan is subjected to hydrothermal carbonization inside a pressure vessel. Separation of the liquid component from the hydrochar followed by evaporation to dryness and treatment with ethanol afforded potassium sulfate. Characterization using SEM-EDX, XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirms the identity of potassium sulfate in the form of K3H(SO4)2. The green process allows the facile release of sulfate ester group from the carrageenan chains and combining with the residual potassium ions in the carrageenan. The new method allows for the simplification of the process of producing potassium sulfate in an environmental friendly way and using a renewable source.

Keywords

Carrageenan Potassium sulfate Hydrothermal carbonization Hydrochar
Paolo O. Bantang, J., & H. Camacho, D. (2020). Green Production of Potassium Sulfate by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Carrageenan. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 32(12), 3105–3108. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22917
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. G.G. Hawley, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.: New York, edn 9, p. 718 (1977).
  2. H. Schultz, G. Bauer, E. Schachl, F. Hagedorn and P. Schmittinger, ed. B. Elvers, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, WileyVCH, Weinheim (2005).
  3. M.A. Giambra, Anal. Chim. Acta, 530, 41 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.047
  4. I. Efraim, S. Lampert and C. Holdengraber, Co-Production of Potassium Sulfate, Sodium Sulfate and Sodium Chloride, US Patent 5552126A (1996).
  5. T. Zisner, C. Holdengraber and S. Lampert, Production of Potassium Sulfate using Differential Contacting, US Patent 5549876A (1996).
  6. S. Xu and J. Qi, Method for Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate from Ammonium Sulfate by Two-Step Conversion Process, China Patent No. CN 1220249A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (1999).
  7. E. Diaz-Nogueira, L. Sobrino-Portela and A.R. Abad, Process for Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate and Hydrochloric Acid, Spanish Patent No. ES 2036463A1, Spain Patent and trademark Office (1993).
  8. Farm Chemicals Handbook, Willoughby, Ohio: Meister, p. B-69 (1980).
  9. Y. Li et al., Manufacturing of Potassium Sulfate By Using Magnesium Vanadium Potassium Salt, China Patent No. CN 105036157 A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing (2015).
  10. D. Liu, B. Zhong and Y. Zhang, Process for Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate along with Many By-products, China Patent No. CN 1283588 A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2001).
  11. S. Peng, Process for Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate, China Patent No. CN 1223964A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (1999).
  12. Y. Liu, S. Hu, D. Dong, L. Luan, J. Zhong, J. Wei and H. Du, Metathesis Process For Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate in Presence of Ammonia And Water, China Patent No. CN 1227188A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (1999).
  13. K. Song, Process for Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate, China Patent No. CN 1155515A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (1997).
  14. C. Zhang, Z. Hu, X. Gao, R. Yao and Y. Luo, One-Step Process for Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate and Potassium Fertilizer Riched in Nitrogen and Phosphorus, China Patent No. CN 1213646A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (1999).
  15. Z. Zhang, Y. Zhang and J. Zhang, One-Step Process in Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate for Agricultural Fertilizer, China Patent No. CN 1197039A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (1998).
  16. T. Deng, Z. Li, Z. Niu, X. Gu, C. Su, Z. Wang, Z. Li and Z. Tian, Process for Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate Using Bittern Containing Sodium Sulfate or Calcium Sulfate or Mirabilite, China Patent No. CN 1123248A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (1996).
  17. W. Xiang, Process for Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate Crystal Using Industrial Wastewater from 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic Acid Production, China Patent No. CN 101798101A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing (2010).
  18. X. Liu, Y. Yang, F. Yang, Y. Shen and X. Jiang, Method for Recovering Potassium from Sintering Ash from Steel Factory and Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate, China Patent No. CN 101723410A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing (2010).
  19. W.J. Rigby, K.D. Cochran and T.G. Holt, Process for Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate Fertilizer and Other Metal Sulfates, US Patent 6365122B1 (2002).
  20. Z. Yang, Mannheim Reaction Furnace for Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate, China Patent No. CN 202492375 U, Shiyong Xinxing Zhuanli Shuomingshu (2012)..
  21. B. Yu, G. Zhang and Z. Song, Method and Equipment for Continuous Manufacturing Potassium Sulfate, China Patent No. CN 1147480 A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (1997).
  22. V.L. Campo, D.F. Kawano, D.B. Silva Jr. and I. Carvalho, Carbohydr. Polym., 77, 167 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.020
  23. R.A. Hoffmann, M.J. Gidley, D. Cooke and W.J. Frith, Food Hydrocoll., 9, 281 (1995); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(09)80259-2
  24. F. van de Velde, S.H. Knutsen, A.I. Usov, H.S. Rollema and A.S. Cerezo, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 13, 73 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(02)00066-3
  25. M.Y. Kariduraganavar, A.A. Kittur and R.R. Kamble, eds.: S.G. Kumbar, C.T. Laurencin and M. Deng, Natural and Synthetic Biomedical Polymers, Elsevier: Burlington, MA, USA, Chap. 1, p. 1 (2014).
  26. S. Distantina, Rochmadi, M. Fahrurrozi, Wiratni, World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., 78, 738 (2001).
  27. A. Mientka, B. Grzmil and M. Tomaszewska, Chem. Pap., 62, 123 (2008); https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-007-0088-2
  28. M.V. Barashkov, A.I. Komyak and S.N. Shashkov, J. Appl. Spectrosc., 67, 1110 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004113630634
  29. H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, T.K. Lai, Y.Y. Tye, S. Rizal, E.W.N. Chong, S.W. Yap, A.A. Hamzah, M.R. Nurul Fazita and M.T. Paridah, Express Polym. Lett., 12, 296 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2018.27
  30. R. Ding, J. Chen, Z. Lin, W. Wang, J. Dang and D. Zhang, Forest and Fruit Base Growth Substance for Cold Regions and Arid Regions and Application Method Thereof, China Patent CN 103880557A, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing (2014).
  31. E. Sakagami and I. Kono, Method for Manufacturing Plant Growth Accelerator and Plant Growth Accelerator Obtained by using the Method, Japan Patent JP 2009161358A, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2009).
  32. L.V. Abad, G.F.O. Dean, G.L. Magsino, R.M.M. Dela Cruz, M.G. Tecson, M.E.S. Abella and M.G.S. Hizon, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 143, 53 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.07.009
  33. L.V. Abad, F.B. Aurigue, L.S. Relleve, D.R.V. Montefalcon and G.E.P. Lopez, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 118, 75 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.03.001
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 1 Download : 0