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Effects of Flavonoids and Antioxidants of Blackberry on Skin Whitening and Erythema
Corresponding Author(s) : Rizwana Kausar
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 29 No. 6 (2017): Vol 29 Issue 6
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of flavonoids and antioxidants of blackberry fruit extract incorporated into newly developed emulgel on skin melanin and erythema. Blackberry extract was entrapped in o/w emulsion and then incorporated into gel to formulate emulgel. Base (without extract) and the formulation (containing 4 % blackberry extract) were applied to the cheeks of thirteen healthy female human volunteers for 12 weeks. The base showed insignificant (P ³ 0.05) while formulation showed significant (P £ 0.05) decrease in the skin melanin and erythema content. It can conclude that the formulation can be used as skin whitening treatment without causing any skin irritation.
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- K. Ohguchi, C. Nakajima, M. Oyama, M. Iinuma, T. Itoh, Y. Akao, Y. Nozawa and M. Ito, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 33, 122 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.33.122.
- W. Zhu and J. Gao, J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 13, 20 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1038/jidsymp.2008.8.
- G.L. Michael, J.W. Antoniw, B.A. Cooke, L. Gregory, S.M. Walker, R.W. Shaw and C.R.W. Edwards, Lancet, 342, 711 (1993); https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91710-4.
- A. Jain, S.P. Gautam, Y. Gupta, H. Khambete and S. Jain, Der Pharm. Sinica, 1, 221 (2010).
- Q. Zabihullah, A. Rashid and N. Akhtar, Pak. J. Plant. Sci., 12, 115 (2006).
- T.J. Hager, L.R. Howard, R. Liyanage, J.O. Lay and R.L. Prior, J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 661 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071990b.
- Y. Zu, C. Li, Y. Fu and C. Zhao, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 41, 714 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.052.
- M.S. Blois, Nature, 181, 1199 (1958); https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0.
- S.A. Wissing and R.H. Müller, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 56, 67 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00040-7.
- J.-P. Hachem, K. De Paepe, E. Vanpee and L. Kaufman, V. Rogiers and D. Roseeuw, Eur. J. Dermatol., 12, 136 (2002).
- N. Saewan, S. Koysomboon and K. Chantrapromma, J. Med. Plants Res., 5, 1018 (2011).
- W. Stahl, U. Heinrich, H. Jungmann, H. Sies and H. Tronnier, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 795 (2000).
- J. Dai, J.D. Patel and R.J. Mumper, J. Med. Food, 10, 258 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.238
References
K. Ohguchi, C. Nakajima, M. Oyama, M. Iinuma, T. Itoh, Y. Akao, Y. Nozawa and M. Ito, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 33, 122 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.33.122.
W. Zhu and J. Gao, J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 13, 20 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1038/jidsymp.2008.8.
G.L. Michael, J.W. Antoniw, B.A. Cooke, L. Gregory, S.M. Walker, R.W. Shaw and C.R.W. Edwards, Lancet, 342, 711 (1993); https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91710-4.
A. Jain, S.P. Gautam, Y. Gupta, H. Khambete and S. Jain, Der Pharm. Sinica, 1, 221 (2010).
Q. Zabihullah, A. Rashid and N. Akhtar, Pak. J. Plant. Sci., 12, 115 (2006).
T.J. Hager, L.R. Howard, R. Liyanage, J.O. Lay and R.L. Prior, J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 661 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071990b.
Y. Zu, C. Li, Y. Fu and C. Zhao, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 41, 714 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.052.
M.S. Blois, Nature, 181, 1199 (1958); https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0.
S.A. Wissing and R.H. Müller, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 56, 67 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00040-7.
J.-P. Hachem, K. De Paepe, E. Vanpee and L. Kaufman, V. Rogiers and D. Roseeuw, Eur. J. Dermatol., 12, 136 (2002).
N. Saewan, S. Koysomboon and K. Chantrapromma, J. Med. Plants Res., 5, 1018 (2011).
W. Stahl, U. Heinrich, H. Jungmann, H. Sies and H. Tronnier, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 795 (2000).
J. Dai, J.D. Patel and R.J. Mumper, J. Med. Food, 10, 258 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.238