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Determination of Zinc Phosphide and Related Heavy Metals in Biological Samples: A Case Report
Corresponding Author(s) : Hatem Abdel Moniem Ahmed
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 29 No. 6 (2017): Vol 29 Issue 6
Abstract
Zinc phosphide is utilized to control rats, mice, voles, ground squirrels, prairie canines, nutria, muskrats, wild rabbits and gophers. The aim of this study is to decide the kind of toxic substance uniquely zinc phosphide and to survey particular metal aggregation in different organs of the two bovines and measure the concentration of metals including Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, which more often than not initiates a neurotic issue in the life forms. Analysis of tests by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) demonstrated high centralizations of Zn in liver, substance of stomach, lung and heart of both animals. Cd and Pb have abnormal states in a descending order (liver, substance of stomach, lung and heart). High level of zinc meddles with copper retention from the digestive system, bringing about copper inadequacy and in the long run in cardiovascular infections. In conclusion, the utilization of zinc phosphide may bring about critical harming cases, either unintentional in non-target species or here and there purposeful.
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- G.S. Bumbrah, K. Krishan, T. Kanchan, M. Sharma and G.S. Sodhi, Forensic Sci. Int., 214, 1 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.018.
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- E. Charles, R. James, B. Helen and F. Alastair, N. Z. J. Ecol., 37, 1 (2013).
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- P.S. Rainbow, F. Liu and W.X. Wang, Aquat. Toxicol., 162, 102 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.007.
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- G.J. Fosmire, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 51, 225 (1990).
- F.J. Farrell, Am. J. Ind. Med., 12, 331 (1987); https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700120308.
References
G.S. Bumbrah, K. Krishan, T. Kanchan, M. Sharma and G.S. Sodhi, Forensic Sci. Int., 214, 1 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.018.
S.W. Casteel and E.M. Bailey, Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 28, 151 (1986).
C.A. Ramey, J.B. Bourassa and J.E. Brooks, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad., 45, 223 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00068-8.
M. Smith, B. Dyer, A. Brodie, W. Hunt and L. Staples, in eds.: G.R. Singleton, L.A. Hinds, C.J. Krebs and D.M. Spratt, Overcoming Rat Infestation in Australian Sugarcane Crops Using an Integrated Approach that Includes New Rodenticide Technology, In: Rats, Mice and People: Rodent Biology and Management, ACIAR Monograph 96, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp. 238–241 (2003).
T.W. Clarkson, in ed.: R. Krieger, Inorganic and Organometal Pesticides, In: Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA, pp. 1357-1428 (2001).
R.T. Meister, Farm Chemicals Handbook, Meister Publishing, Willoughby, Ohio, USA (2001).
S.A. Briggs, Basic Guide to Pesticides: Their Characteristics and Hazards, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., WA (1992).
G.D. Johnson, andK.A. Fagerstone, Primary and Secondary Hazards of Zinc Phosphide to Nontarget Wildlife: A Review of the Literature, Denver Wildlife Research Center, USDA/APHIS, Denver, CO (1992).
O. Sogut, Z. Baysal and B. Ozdemir, J. Emerg. Med., 40, e117 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.05.039.
J.B.P. Stephenson, Arch. Environ. Health, 15, 83 (1967); https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1967.10664880.
E. Charles, R. James, B. Helen and F. Alastair, N. Z. J. Ecol., 37, 1 (2013).
J.V. Murphy, J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., 212, 2119 (1970); https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1970.03170250073021.
R.T. Sterner, Pestic. Sci., 55, 553 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199905)55:5<553::AIDPS936>3.0.CO;2-V.
K.G. Nikolaishvili and N.O. Melashvili, Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR, 144, 429 (1992).
R.B. Mack, North Carolina Med. J., 50, 17 (1989).
C.E. O’Connor, K.E. Littin, L.M. Milne, A.T. Airey, R. Webster, D.G. Arthur, C.T. Eason and N.G. Gregory, N. Z. Vet. J., 55, 109 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2007.36751.
R. Saxena, R.S. Bedwal and R.S. Mathur, Trace Elem. Med., 6, 119 (1989).
T.W. Clarkson, in eds.: W.J. Hayes and E.R. Laws, Inorganic and Organometallic Pesticides, In: Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Classes of Pesticides, Academic Press, NY, vol. 2 (1991).
K. Parton, A.N. Bruère and J.P. Chambers, Veterinary Clinical Toxicology, VetLearn 249, Palmerston North, Massey University, edn 3, pp. 143-155 (2006).
D.J. Ecobichon, in eds.: M.O. Amdur, J. Doull and C.D. Klassen, Toxic Effects of Pesticides, In: Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Pesticides, Pergamon Press, NY edn 4, (1991).
EPA, U.S. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Zinc Phosphide, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-98-006, Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1998).
E.F. Straube, N.H. Schuster and A.J. Sinclair, J. Comp. Pathol., 90, 355 (1980); https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9975(80)90003-1.
S.R. Ostrowski, E.W. Gunter and T.D. Matte, Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 32, 53 (1990).
Toxnet, Hazardous Substance Database, Zinc Phosphide, National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substance Data Base, Publication date 9/93 (1992).
F.G. Guale, E.L. Stair, B.W. Johnson, W.C. Edwards and J.C. Haliburton, Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 36, 517 (1994).
C.G. Elinder, in eds.: L. Friberg, G.F. Nordberg and V.B. Vouk, Zinc, In: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Specific Metals, Elsevier, New York, edn 2, vol. II (1986).
J. Buchancova, M. Knizkova, D. Hyllova, M. Vrlik, D. Mesko, G. Klimentova and E. Galikova, Cent. Eur. J. Public Health, 2, 82 (1994).
A. Khalid, I. Bukhari, M. Riaz, G. Rehman, Q. Ain, T. Bokhari, N. Rasool, M. Zubair and S. Munir, Int. J. Biol. Pharm. Allied Sci., 2, 1003 (2013).
H. Hu, in ed.: M. McCally, Human Health and Heavy Metals Exposure. In: Life Support, The Environment and Human Health, MIT press, pp. 1-13 (2002).
ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological Profile for cadmium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service (1999).
R. Baker, Environ. Int., 16, 231 (1990); https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(90)90117-O.
J. Drebler, K. Schulz, M. Klemm, R. Schüttig, A. Beuthin and D. Felscher, Arch. Toxicol., 76, 449 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-002-0357-3.
E.J. Underwood, Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Academic Press, New York, edn 4, pp. 1-421 (1977).
ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological Profile for Zinc, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, Georgia (2005).
V.S. Leblond and A. Hontela, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 157, 16 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1999.8660.
W.B. David, Guide to the Homogenization of Biological Samples, Random Primers, Issue No. 7, pp. 1-14 (2008).
A.M.A. Hatem, N.J. Muhammad and S.M.A. Jawaher, IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol., 6, 82 (2013).
EPA U.S., Health Effects Assessment for Zinc (and Compounds), U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. EPA/540/1-86-048 (1984).
C. Meredith, M.Sc. Thesis, Toxicological Studies on Zinc Phosphide, Department of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, (1981).
V. Ye. Zaichick, T.V. Sviridova and S.V. Zaichick, Int. Urol. Nephrol., 29, 565 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02552202.
Y.C. Yoo, S.K. Lee, J.Y. Yang, S.W. In, K.W. Kim, K.H. Chung, M.G. Chung and S.Y. Choung, J. Health Sci., 48, 186 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs.48.186.
C.D. Klaassen, Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons, McGraw-Hill, New York, edn 6, pp. 801 (2001).
P.S. Rainbow, F. Liu and W.X. Wang, Aquat. Toxicol., 162, 102 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.007.
S.A. Schlicker and D.H. Cox, J. Nutr., 95, 287 (1968).
Zinc, United States National Academy of Sciences, National Search Council, Subcommittee on Zinc, University Park Press, Baltimore, MD. pp. 471 (1979).
A. Andrews and G. Henrique, Heavy Metal Pollution and Agriculture, TSM454Public Information Bulletin (2006); http//www.epa.gov/healthef/zinc.html.
M.J. Werman and S.J. Bhathena, J. Nutr. Biochem., 6, 373 (1995); https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-2863(95)80005-W.
D.N. Fiske, Am. J. Hematol., 46, 147 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.2830460217.
G.J. Fosmire, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 51, 225 (1990).
F.J. Farrell, Am. J. Ind. Med., 12, 331 (1987); https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700120308.