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Extraction and Characterization of Preformed Mixed Phase Graphene Sheets from Graphitized Sub-Bituminous Coal
Corresponding Author(s) : B. Manoj
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 29 No. 11 (2017): Vol 29 Issue 11
Abstract
In present paper, a facile method is reported to extract mixed phase nanometre-sized carbon sheets from sub-bituminous coal. The lattice constants (La and Lc) of sub-bituminous coal were calculated to be 4.82 and 1.41 nm, respectively. The aromatic layers and average number of carbon atoms in the aromatic lamellae were estimated as 5 and 8, respectively. The obtained graphene sheets exhibits broadened D and G band in addition to a very broad 2D bump. Defect to graphitic ratio is found to be 0.54 indicating less disorder in graphene nanomaterial formed. This is further corroborated by (ID/ID’) ratio which was observed to be 3.40, confirming the defect has originated from boundary. The SEM analysis reveals the formation of large number of carbon layers with different shape in the nanometer scale range. Formation of graphene dots in the shape of hexagonal, spherical, graphene layers and corn shaped carbon nanotubes are noticed in the TEM image.
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- B. Manoj, Russian J. Phys. Chem. A, 89, 2438 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024415130257.
- A.K. Geim, Science, 324, 1530 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158877.
- A.V. Ramya, B. Manoj and A.N. Mohan, Asian J. Chem., 28, 1031 (2016); https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2016.19577.
- A.V. Ramya, A.N. Mohan and B. Manoj, Mater. Sci. Poland, 34, 330 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0061.
- K. Krishnamoorthy, M. Veerapandian, K. Yun and S. Kim, Carbon, 53, 38 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.10.013.
- R. Ye, C. Xiang, J. Lin, Z. Peng, K. Huang, Z. Yan, N.P. Cook, E.L. Samuel, C. Hwang, G. Ruan, G. Ceriotti, A.O. Raji, J.M. Tour and A. Marti, Nat. Commun., 4, 2943 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3943.
- Y. Dong, J. Lin, Y. Chen, F. Fu, Y. Chi and G. Chen, Nanoscale, 6, 7410 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR01482K.
- B. Manoj, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 21, 940 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0993-7.
- C.D. Elcey and B. Manoj, Asian J. Chem., 28, 1557 (2016); https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2016.19750.
- Q. Zhou, Z. Zhao, Y. Zhang, B. Meng, A. Zhou and J. Qiu, J. Energy Fuels, 26, 5186 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1021/ef300919d.
- B. Manoj and A.G. Kunjomana, Russ. J. Appl. Chem., 87, 1726 (2014);
- B. Manoj and A.G. Kunjomana, J. Min. Mater. Charact. Eng., 9, 919 (2010); https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2010.910067.
- A.C. Ferrari and J. Robertson, Phys. Rev. B, 63, 121405 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.63.121405.
- W.S. Bacsa, J.S. Lannin, D.L. Pappas and J.J. Cuomo, Phys. Rev. B, 47, 10931(R) (1993); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.47.10931.
- K. Ramya, J. John and B. Manoj, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8, 9421 (2013).
- A. Eckmann, A. Felten, A. Mishchenko, L. Britnell, R. Krupke, K.S. Novoselov and C. Casiraghi, Nano Lett., 12, 3925 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1021/nl300901a.
- M.A. Pimenta, G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus, L.G. Cançado, A. Jorio and R. Saito, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 1276 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1039/B613962K.
- J. Schwan, S. Ulrich, V. Batori, H. Ehrhardt, and S.R.P. Silva, J. Appl. Phys., 80, 440 (1996); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.362745.
- B. Manoj, Asian J. Chem., 26, 4553 (2014); https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.15150.
- B. Manoj, Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol., 3, 123 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-016-0134-1.
- A.C. Ferrari and D. Basko, Nat. Nanotechnol., 8, 235 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.46.
- B. Manoj and C.D. Elcey, J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metall., 45, 385 (2010).
References
B. Manoj, Russian J. Phys. Chem. A, 89, 2438 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024415130257.
A.K. Geim, Science, 324, 1530 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158877.
A.V. Ramya, B. Manoj and A.N. Mohan, Asian J. Chem., 28, 1031 (2016); https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2016.19577.
A.V. Ramya, A.N. Mohan and B. Manoj, Mater. Sci. Poland, 34, 330 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0061.
K. Krishnamoorthy, M. Veerapandian, K. Yun and S. Kim, Carbon, 53, 38 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.10.013.
R. Ye, C. Xiang, J. Lin, Z. Peng, K. Huang, Z. Yan, N.P. Cook, E.L. Samuel, C. Hwang, G. Ruan, G. Ceriotti, A.O. Raji, J.M. Tour and A. Marti, Nat. Commun., 4, 2943 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3943.
Y. Dong, J. Lin, Y. Chen, F. Fu, Y. Chi and G. Chen, Nanoscale, 6, 7410 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR01482K.
B. Manoj, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 21, 940 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0993-7.
C.D. Elcey and B. Manoj, Asian J. Chem., 28, 1557 (2016); https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2016.19750.
Q. Zhou, Z. Zhao, Y. Zhang, B. Meng, A. Zhou and J. Qiu, J. Energy Fuels, 26, 5186 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1021/ef300919d.
B. Manoj and A.G. Kunjomana, Russ. J. Appl. Chem., 87, 1726 (2014);
B. Manoj and A.G. Kunjomana, J. Min. Mater. Charact. Eng., 9, 919 (2010); https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2010.910067.
A.C. Ferrari and J. Robertson, Phys. Rev. B, 63, 121405 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.63.121405.
W.S. Bacsa, J.S. Lannin, D.L. Pappas and J.J. Cuomo, Phys. Rev. B, 47, 10931(R) (1993); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.47.10931.
K. Ramya, J. John and B. Manoj, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8, 9421 (2013).
A. Eckmann, A. Felten, A. Mishchenko, L. Britnell, R. Krupke, K.S. Novoselov and C. Casiraghi, Nano Lett., 12, 3925 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1021/nl300901a.
M.A. Pimenta, G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus, L.G. Cançado, A. Jorio and R. Saito, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 1276 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1039/B613962K.
J. Schwan, S. Ulrich, V. Batori, H. Ehrhardt, and S.R.P. Silva, J. Appl. Phys., 80, 440 (1996); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.362745.
B. Manoj, Asian J. Chem., 26, 4553 (2014); https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.15150.
B. Manoj, Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol., 3, 123 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-016-0134-1.
A.C. Ferrari and D. Basko, Nat. Nanotechnol., 8, 235 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.46.
B. Manoj and C.D. Elcey, J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metall., 45, 385 (2010).