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Measurement of Surface Area of Modified Clays by Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Method
Corresponding Author(s) : Uzochukwu C. Ugochukwu
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 29 No. 9 (2017): Vol 29 Issue 9
Abstract
Determination of clay mineral surface area using Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method and other methods can be expensive and time consuming in addition to the drawback of measuring only external surface area. The ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) method is relatively inexpensive and is able to measure not just the area of external surfaces but also internal surfaces. In this study, the surface area of modified and unmodified clay minerals such as kaolinite, palygorskite, saponite and montmorillonite were determined using the EGME method. The modified forms of the clays were acid activated clays, organoclays and homoionic montmorillonites. Acid activated clay minerals were produced by treating the unmodified clay minerals with hydrochloric acid. Organoclays were produced (from only saponite and montmorillonite as they have relatively high cation exchange capacity) by treatment with dodecyldimethylammonium bromide. Homoionic montmorillonites were produced using the relevant metal chloride salt. Clays without interlayer cations such as kaolinites have lower EGME-surface area than those with interlayer cations. The modification of the clay minerals to produce organo clay mineral and acid activated clay mineral led to reduction and increase in the EGME-surface area of the clay minerals respectively in comparison with their unmodified counterparts. Also, the modification of the interlayer cations of montmorillonites to produce homoionic montmorillonites influences the EGME-surface area with potassium-montmorillonites having the lowest EGME-surface area among Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Al3+ and Fe3+-montmorillonite studied.
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- D.M. Moore and R.C. Reynolds, Structure, Nomenclature and Occurrences of Individual Clay Minerals In: X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, Oxford University Press, pp 139-192 (1997).
- P.L. Hall, eds.: M.J. Wilson, Clays: Their Significance, Properties, Origins and Uses In: A Handbook of Determinative Methods in Clay Mineralogy, Blackie, Glasgow and London, UK, pp 1-25 (1987).
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- F. Bergaya and M. Vayer, Appl. Clay Sci., 12, 275 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(97)00012-4.
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- F. Annabi-Bergaya, Clay Miner., 14, 249 (1979); https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1979.014.4.01.
- P. Laszlo, Science, 235, 1473 (1987); https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4795.1473.
- M.C. Hermosin, M.A. Ulibarri, M. Mansour and J. Cornejo, Fresenius Environ. Bull., 1, 472 (1992).
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- R.S. Dyal and S.B. Hendricks, Soil Sci., 69, 503 (1950); https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195006000-00014.
- K.G. Tiller and L.H. Smith, Austr. J. Soil Sci., 28, 1 (1990); https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9900001.
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- O. Talibudeen and K.W.T. Goulding, Clays Clay Miner., 31, 137 (1983); https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1983.0310208.
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References
D.M. Moore and R.C. Reynolds, Structure, Nomenclature and Occurrences of Individual Clay Minerals In: X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, Oxford University Press, pp 139-192 (1997).
P.L. Hall, eds.: M.J. Wilson, Clays: Their Significance, Properties, Origins and Uses In: A Handbook of Determinative Methods in Clay Mineralogy, Blackie, Glasgow and London, UK, pp 1-25 (1987).
F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng and G. Lagaly, Surface Area and Porosity. In: Handbook of Clay science, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp 965 (2006).
J.E. Kostka, D.D. Dalton, H. Skelton, S. Dollhoph and J.W. Stucki, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 6256 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.12.6256-6262.2002.
R.A. Schoonheydt and C.T. Johnston, Surface and Interface Chemistry of Clay Minerals, In: Handbook of Clay Science, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006).
H. Malandrini, F. Clauss, S. Partyka and J.M. Douillard, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 194, 183 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1997.5103.
D. Tunega, L. Benco, G. Haberhauer, M.H. Gerzabek and H. Lischka, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 11515 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1021/jp026391g.
W.F. Jaynes and S.A. Boyd, Clays Clay Miner., 39, 428 (1991); https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390412.
F. Bergaya and M. Vayer, Appl. Clay Sci., 12, 275 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(97)00012-4.
K. Verburg, Clays Clay Miner., 42, 207 (1994); https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420211.
F. Annabi-Bergaya, Clay Miner., 14, 249 (1979); https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1979.014.4.01.
P. Laszlo, Science, 235, 1473 (1987); https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4795.1473.
M.C. Hermosin, M.A. Ulibarri, M. Mansour and J. Cornejo, Fresenius Environ. Bull., 1, 472 (1992).
L. Groisman, Appl. Clay Sci., 24, 159 (2004a); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2003.02.001.
J. Cornejo, R. Celis, I. Pavlovic and M.A. Ulibarri, Clay Miner., 43, 155 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.2.01.
C.R. Theocharis, K.J. s’Jacob and A.C. Gray, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 84, 1509 (1988); https://doi.org/10.1039/f19888401509.
P. Komadel, Clay Miner., 38, 127 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1180/0009855033810083.
E. Galan, M.I. Carretero and J.C. Fernandez Caliani, Clay Miner., 34, 99 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1180/000985599546118.
M. Dubiková, P. Cambier, V. Sucha and M. Caplovicová, Appl. Geochem., 17, 245 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00081-6.
C.R. Reddy, G. Nagendrappa and B.S. Jai Prakash, Catal. Commun., 241 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2006.06.023.
S. Brunauer, P.H. Emmett and E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 309 (1938); https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a023.
P.T. Hang and M. Brindley, Clays Clay Miner., 18, 203 (1970); https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1970.0180404.
A.C.D. Newman, J. Soil Sci., 34, 23 (1983);https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1983.tb00809.x.
R.S. Dyal and S.B. Hendricks, Soil Sci., 69, 503 (1950); https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195006000-00014.
K.G. Tiller and L.H. Smith, Austr. J. Soil Sci., 28, 1 (1990); https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9900001.
Y. Yukselen and A. Kaya, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132, 931 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:7(931).
A.B. Cerato and A.J. Lutenegger, Geotech. Test. J., 25, 315 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11087J.
D.R. Lewis, Analytical Data on Reference Clay Materials, Section 3, Base-Exchange Data, Reference Clay Minerals, A.P.I. Research Project 49, Preliminary Report No. 7, Columbia University, New York, USA, p. 91 (1949).
D.L. Carter, M.D. Heilman and C.L. Gonzalez, J. Soil Sci., 100, 356 (1965); https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196511000-00011.
A. Shayan, J.V. Sanders and I.C.J. Lancuck, Clay Miner., 36, 327 (1988); https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360406.
O. Talibudeen and K.W.T. Goulding, Clays Clay Miner., 31, 137 (1983); https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1983.0310208.
A. Psyrillos, J.H. Howe, A.C. Manning and S.D. Burley, Clay Miner., 34, 193 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1180/000985599546037.
M.M.K. Motlagh, A.A. Youzbashi and Z.A. Rigi, Iranian J. Mater. Sci. Eng., 8, 1 (2011).
J.M. Hartwell, Clay Miner., 6, 111 (1965); https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1965.006.2.05.
B. Vijayakumar, G. Nagendrappa and B.S. Jai Prakash, Catal. Lett., 128, 183 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-008-9729-5