Issue

Vol. 37 No. 12 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 12, 2025

Copyright (c) 2025 Katharigatta Venugopala

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Flavonoids as Multifunctional Phytochemicals: Structural Diversity, Pharmacological Potential and Therapeutic Prospects

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.34966
Katharigatta N. Venugopala
Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-1549

Corresponding Author(s) : Katharigatta N. Venugopala

katharigattav@dut.ac.za

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 37 No. 12 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 12, 2025

Abstract

Flavonoids, a common class of polyphenolic compounds found in many plants, are known for their diverse biological activities and potential health benefits. They possess broad pharmacological actions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antiatherosclerotic properties. These effects arise from their ability to neutralize free radicals, modulate inflammatory and signaling pathways, induce apoptosis in cancer cells, enhance insulin sensitivity and protect hepatic tissues. Flavonoids also play a crucial role in preventing and managing various chronic diseases, with ongoing clinical trials exploring their therapeutic potential in cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Their multifunctional nature and natural origin make them promising candidates for the development of novel therapeutics and nutraceuticals aimed at promoting overall health and disease prevention. This review discusses the chemistry, classification, sources, mechanisms of action, absorption, metabolism and therapeutic potential of flavonoids, emphasizing their roles in oxidative stress and inflammation-related disorders. It also highlights some specific flavonoid compounds, their bioactivities and recent advances in enhancing their bioavailability for use as natural therapeutic and nutraceutical agents.

Keywords

Flavonoids Antioxidant activity Anti-inflammatory Anticancer Antidiabetic Natural therapeutics Nutraceuticals
(1)
Venugopala, K. N. Flavonoids As Multifunctional Phytochemicals: Structural Diversity, Pharmacological Potential and Therapeutic Prospects. ajc 2025, 37, 2947-2962.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. M. Riaz, R. Khalid, M. Afzal, F. Anjum, H. Fatima, S. Zia, G. Rasool, C. Egbuna, A.G. Mtewa, C.Z. Uche and M.A. Aslam, Food Sci. Nutr., 11, 2500 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3308
  2. S. Chen, X. Wang, Y. Cheng, H. Gao and X. Chen, Molecules, 28, 4982 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134982
  3. L.A. Nogueira, Y.G. Figueiredo, A.L.C. Ramos, V.T.V. Correia, B. V. Nunes, L.V. Ribeiro, A.O. Franco, R.B. Ferreira, I. Sousa, J. Mota, P. Batista-Santos, R.L.B. de Araújo and J.O.F. Melo, Front. Food Sci. Technol., 2, 899492 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3389/frfst.2022.899492
  4. A. Roy, A. Khan, I. Ahmad, S. Alghamdi, B.S. Rajab, A.O. Babalghith, M.Y. Alshahrani, S. Islam and M.R. Islam, BioMed Res. Int., 2022, 5445291 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5445291
  5. K. Yonekura‑Sakakibara, Y. Higashi and R. Nakabayashi, Front. Plant Sci., 10, 943 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00943
  6. B. Hao, Z. Yang, H. Liu, Y. Liu and S. Wang, Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 46, 2884 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46040181
  7. X. Zheng, X. Zhang and F. Zeng, Foods, 14, 155 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14020155
  8. N. Chandimali, S.G. Bak, E.H. Park, H.-J. Lim, Y.-S. Won, E.-K. Kim, S.-I. Park and S.J. Lee, Cell Death Discov., 11, 19 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-024-02278-8
  9. J.M. Al-Khayri, G.R. Sahana, P. Nagella, B.V. Joseph, F.M. Alessa and M.Q. Al-Mssallem, Molecules, 27, 2901 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092901
  10. H. Hasnat, S.A. Shompa, M.M. Islam, S. Alam, F.T. Richi, N.U. Emon, S. Ashrafi, N.U. Ahmed, M.N.R. Chowdhury, N. Fatema, M.S. Hossain, A. Ghosh and F. Ahmed, Heliyon, 10, e27533 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27533
  11. S.A. Mir, A. Dar, L. Hamid, N. Nisar, J.A. Malik, T. Ali and G.N. Bader, Curr. Res. Pharmacol. Drug Discov., 6, 100167 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crphar.2023.100167
  12. R.K. Al-Ishaq, M. Abotaleb, P. Kubatka, K. Kajo and D. Büsselberg, Biomolecules, 9, 430 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090430
  13. S. Faisal, S.L. Badshah, B. Kubra, A. Muhammad, A.-H. Emwas and M. Jaremko, in eds.: K.G. Ramawat and J.M. Mérillon, Flavonoids as Hemostasis Modulators, In: Natural Products: Phytochemistry, Botany, Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes, Springer Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1-57 (2025).
  14. J. Solnier, C. Chang and J. Pizzorno, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24, 8663 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108663
  15. J. Simal-Gandara, M.Á. Prieto, M. Carpena-Rodriguez, L. Barros, I.C.R.F. Ferreira, E. Pereira, M. Frag-Corral, C. Caleja, B. Núñez Estévez and F.S. Reis, in eds.: M.A. Prieto, P. Otero and M. Carpena Rodriguez, Flavonoids: A Group of Potential Food Additives with Beneficial Health Effects, In: Natural Food Additives, IntechOpen: Rijeka (2021).
  16. L. Hu, Y. Luo, J. Yang and C. Cheng, Molecules, 30, 1184 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30051184
  17. K.N. Venugopala, V. Rashmi and B. Odhav, BioMed Res. Int., 2013, 963248 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/963248
  18. H. Takooree, M.Z. Aumeeruddy, K.R.R. Rengasamy, K.N. Venugopala, R. Jeewon, G. Zengin and M.F. Mahomoodally, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 59(sup1), S210 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1565489
  19. P. Borah, S. Hazarika, S. Deka, K.N. Venugopala, A.B. Nair, M. Attimarad, N. Sreeharsha and R.P. Mailavaram, Curr. Drug Metab., 21, 751 (2020); https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200221666200714144911
  20. B.C. Yallur, M.P. Rao, M. Harshitha, D. Basrur, P.H. Umesh, V. Kamat, K.D. Venu Prasad, K.N. Venugopala and R.S. Bhat, Adv. Sustain. Syst., 9, 2500121 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202500121
  21. S. Kumar and A.K. Pandey, Scient. World J., 2013, 162750 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/162750
  22. G. Drețcanu, I. Știrbu, N. Leopold, D. Cruceriu, C. Danciu, A. Stănilă, A. Fărcaș, I.M. Borda, C. Iuhas and Z. Diaconeasa, Plants, 11, 1117 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091117
  23. G.L. Hostetler, R.A. Ralston and S.J. Schwartz, Adv. Nutr., 8, 423 (2017); https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.012948
  24. W.M. Dabeek and M.V. Marra, Nutrients, 11, 2288 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102288
  25. M.A. Alam, N. Subhan, M.M. Rahman, S.J. Uddin, H.M. Reza and S.D. Sarker, Adv. Nutr., 5, 404 (2014); https://doi.org/10.3945/an.113.005603
  26. J. Liggins, L.J. Bluck, S. Runswick, C. Atkinson, W.A. Coward and S.A. Bingham, J. Nutr. Biochem., 11, 326 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(00)00085-1
  27. W.-H. Liu, Y.-W. Liu, Z.-F. Chen, W.-F. Chiou, Y.-C. Tsai and C.-C. Chen, Molecules, 20, 12314 (2015); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200712314
  28. P.V. Gadkari and M. Balaraman, Food Bioprod. Process., 93, 122 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2013.12.004
  29. S.G. Lee, T.M. Vance, T.-G. Nam, D.-O. Kim, S. I. Koo and O. K. Chun, Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 70, 427 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-015-0514-5
  30. H.E. Khoo, A. Azlan, S.T. Tang and S.M. Lim, Food Nutr. Res., 61, 1361779 (2017).
  31. https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779M.D. Catarino, J.M. Alves-Silva, O.R. Pereira and S.M. Cardoso, Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 15, 105 (2015); https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026615666141209144506
  32. R.K. Gupta, A.K. Patel, N. Shah, A.K. Choudhary, U.K. Jha, U.C. Yadav, P.K. Gupta and U. Pakuwal, Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 15, 4405 (2014); https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.11.4405
  33. N. Panche, A.D. Diwan and S.R. Chandra, J. Nutr. Sci., 5, e47 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41
  34. K. Jomova, S. Y. Alomar, R. Valko, J. Liska, E. Nepovimova, K. Kuca and M. Valko, Chem.-Biol. Interact., 413, 111489 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2025.111489
  35. A. Bhattacharyya, R. Chattopadhyay, S. Mitra and S.E. Crowe, Physiol. Rev., 94, 329 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00040.2012
  36. S.O. Oyedemi and A.J. Afolayan, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med., 4, 952 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60225-3
  37. O. Firuzi, A. Lacanna, R. Petrucci, G. Marrosu and L. Saso, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Gen. Subj., 1721, 174 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.11.001
  38. M.A. Aderogba, L.J. McGaw, A.O. Ogundaini and J. N. Eloff, Nat. Prod. Res., 21, 591 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410701369557
  39. M. Rejmánek, Divers. Distrib., 7, 303 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00124.x
  40. A. Poulios, K. Papanikolaou, D. Draganidis, A. Chatzinikolaou, P. Tsimeas, A. Tsiokanos, A.Z. Jamurtas and I.G. Fatouros, Nutrients, 16, 3803 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223803
  41. H.J. Jung, S.S. Kang, S.K. Hyun and J.S. Choi, Arch. Pharm. Res., 28, 534 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977754
  42. S.D. Aust, L.A. Morehouse and C.E. Thomas, J. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1, 3 (1985); https://doi.org/10.1016/0748-5514(85)90025-X
  43. A. Ullah, S. Munir, S.L. Badshah, N. Khan, L. Ghani, B.G. Poulson, A.H. Emwas and M. Jaremko, Molecules, 25, 5243 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225243
  44. R. Ross, N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 115 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199901143400207
  45. P.M. Ridker, N.J. Brown, D.E. Vaughan, D.G. Harrison and J.L. Mehta, Circulation, 109(25_suppl_1), Iv6 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000133444.17867.56
  46. M. Quiñones, M. Miguel and A. Aleixandre, Pharmacol. Res., 68, 125 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.018
  47. S. Meng-Zhen, L. Ju, Z. Lan-Chun, D. Cai-Feng, Y. Shu-da, Y. Hao-Fei and H. Wei-Yan, Heliyon, 8, e11440 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11440
  48. M.H. Pan, C.S. Lai and C.T. Ho, Food Funct., 1, 15 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1039/c0fo00103a
  49. J.H. Ahn-Jarvis, A. Parihar and A.I. Doseff, Antioxidants, 8, 202 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070202
  50. T. Hunter, Cell, 80, 225 (1995); https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(95)90405-0
  51. M.J. Tuñón, M.V. García-Mediavilla, S. Sánchez-Campos and J. González-Gallego, Curr. Drug Metab., 10, 256 (2009); https://doi.org/10.2174/138920009787846369
  52. I.L. Elisha, J.P. Dzoyem, L.J. McGaw, F.S. Botha and J.N. Eloff, BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16, 307 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1301-z
  53. C. Spagnuolo, S. Moccia and G.L. Russo, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 153, 105 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.001
  54. V. Habauzit and C. Morand, Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis., 3, 87 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622311430006
  55. M. Candiracci, E. Piatti, M. Dominguez-Barragán, D. García-Antrás, B. Morgado, D. Ruano, J.F. Gutiérrez, J. Parrado and A. Castaño, J. Agric. Food Chem., 60, 12304 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1021/jf302468h
  56. S. Chirumbolo, G. Bjørklund, R. Lysiuk, A. Vella, L. Lenchyk and T. Upyr, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19, 3568 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113568
  57. J.C. Stevens Barrón, C. Chapa González, E. Álvarez Parrilla and L.A. De la Rosa, Biomolecules, 13, 1158 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13071158
  58. Y.J. Surh, J.K. Kundu and H.K. Na, Planta Med., 74, 1526 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1088302
  59. R.J. Williams, J.P. Spencer and C. Rice-Evans, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 36, 838 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001
  60. D. Trachootham, J. Alexandre and P. Huang, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 8, 579 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2803
  61. D.M. Kopustinskiene, V. Jakstas, A. Savickas and J. Bernatoniene, Nutrients, 12, 457 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020457
  62. S.C. Gupta, D. Hevia, S. Patchva, B. Park, W. Koh and B.B. Aggarwal, Antioxid. Redox Signal., 16, 1295 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2011.4414
  63. B.Q. Li, T. Fu, Y. Dongyan, J.A. Mikovits, F.W. Ruscetti and J.M. Wang, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 276, 534 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.3485
  64. V.-L. Nguyen, C.-T. Truong, B.C.Q. Nguyen, T.-N.V. Vo, T.-T. Dao, V.-D. Nguyen, D.-T.T. Trinh, H.K. Huynh and C.-B. Bui, PLoS One, 12, e0185674 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185674
  65. E. Sezen Karaoğlan, H. Hancı, M. Koca and C. Kazaz, Appl. Sci., 13, 1503 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031503
  66. A. De Stefano, S. Caporali, N. Di Daniele, V. Rovella, C. Cardillo, F. Schinzari, M. Minieri, M. Pieri, E. Candi, S. Bernardini, M. Tesauro and A. Terrinoni, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22, 1321 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031321
  67. B. Havsteen, Biochem. Pharmacol., 32, 1141 (1983); https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(83)90262-9
  68. M.L. Tereschuk, M.V. Riera, G.R. Castro and L.R. Abdala, J. Ethnopharmacol., 56, 227 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00038-X
  69. V.D. Wagh, Adv. Pharmacol. Sci., 2013, 308249 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/308249
  70. K. Bosio, C. Avanzini, A. D’Avolio, O. Ozino and D. Savoia, Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 31, 174 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00785.x
  71. J.M. Grange and R.W. Davey, J. R. Soc. Med., 83, 159 (1990); https://doi.org/10.1177/014107689008300310
  72. T.F. Tsao, M.G. Newman, Y.Y. Kwok and A.K. Horikoshi, J. Dent. Res., 61, 1103 (1982); https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345820610091501
  73. D.D. Orhan, B. Özçelik, S. Özgen and F. Ergun, Microbiol. Res., 165, 496 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2009.09.002
  74. A.F. Correia, D. Silveira, Y.M. Fonseca-Bazzo, P.O. Magalhães, C.W. Fagg, E.C. da Silva, S.M. Gomes, L. Gandolfi, R. Pratesi and Y.K. de Medeiros Nóbrega, BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16, 203 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1164-3
  75. H. Edziri, M. Mastouri, M.A. Mahjoub, Z. Mighri, A. Mahjoub and L. Verschaeve, Molecules, 17, 7284 (2012); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17067284
  76. R. Serpa, E.J.G. França, L. Furlaneto-Maia, C.G.T.J. Andrade, A. Diniz and M.C. Furlaneto, J. Med. Microbiol., 61, 1704 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.047852-0
  77. R.B. Mulaudzi, A.R. Ndhlala, M.G. Kulkarni and J. Van Staden, J. Ethnopharmacol., 143, 185 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.022
  78. H.-Y. Sohn, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 20, 1397 (2010); https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1007.07026
  79. T.P.T. Cushnie and A.J. Lamb, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 26, 343 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002
  80. A.B. Aziz, M. Chorin, S.P. Monselise and I. Reichert, Science, 135, 1066 (1962); https://doi.org/10.1126/science.135.3508.1066
  81. F. Ahmadi, S. Sadeghi, M. Modarresi, R. Abiri and A. Mikaeli, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 1137 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.028
  82. B. Jayashree, B.K. Kuppast and K. Venugopala, Asian J. Chem., 19, 1415 (2007).
  83. Li, K.; Xing, S.; Wang, M.; Peng, Y.; Dong, Y.; Li, X. Anticomplement and Antimicrobial Activities of Flavonoids from Entada phaseoloides. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2012, 7, 1934578X1200700715; https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1200700715
  84. R. Salazar-Aranda, G. Granados-Guzmán, J. Pérez-Meseguer, G.M. González and N.W. De Torres, Molecules, 20, 17903 (2015); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201017903
  85. K. Yamaguchi, M. Honda, H. Ikigai, Y. Hara and T. Shimamura, Antiviral Res., 53, 19 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-3542(01)00189-9
  86. A. Khan, W. Heng, Y. Wang, J. Qiu, X. Wei, S. Peng, S. Saleem, M. Khan, S.S. Ali and D.Q. Wei, Phytother. Res., 35, 2841 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6998
  87. D.I. Hadaruga, J. Agroaliment. Processes Technol., 17, 360 (2011).
  88. Y. Xu, B. Liang, C. Kong and Z. Sun, BioMed Res. Int., 2021, 9910365 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9910365
  89. A. Singh, K.N. Venugopala, M. Pillay, F. Shode, Y. Coovadia and B. Odhav, Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 20, 849 (2022); https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v20i4.27
  90. J.I. Murillo, R. Encarnación-Dimayuga, J. Malmstrøm, C. Christophersen and S.G. Franzblau, Fitoterapia, 74, 226 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00033-9
  91. I. Rivero-Cruz, L. Acevedo, J.A. Guerrero, S. Martínez, R. Pereda-Miranda, R. Mata, R. Bye, S. Franzblau and B.N. Timmermann, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 57, 1117 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.57.9.0007
  92. J.Q. Gu, Y. Wang, S.G. Franzblau, G. Montenegro, D. Yang and B.N. Timmermann, Planta Med., 70, 509 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-827149
  93. C. Yenjai, K. Prasanphen, S. Daodee, V. Wongpanich and P. Kittakoop, Fitoterapia, 75, 89 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2003.08.017
  94. S.M. Nabavi, D. Šamec, M. Tomczyk, L. Milella, D. Russo, S. Habtemariam, I. Suntar, L. Rastrelli, M. Daglia, J. Xiao, F. Giampieri, M. Battino, E. Sobarzo-Sanchez, S.F. Nabavi, B. Yousefi, P. Jeandet, S. Xu and S. Shirooie, Biotechnol. Adv., 38, 107316 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.005
  95. J. Sharifi-Rad, C. Quispe, M. Imran, A. Rauf, M. Nadeem, T.A. Gondal, B. Ahmad, M. Atif, M.S. Mubarak, O. Sytar, O.M. Zhilina, E.R. Garsiya, A. Smeriglio, D. Trombetta, D.G. Pons, M. Martorell, S.M. Cardoso, A.F.A. Razis, U. Sunusi, R.M. Kamal, L.S. Rotariu, M. Butnariu, A.O. Docea and D. Calina, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2021, 3268136 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3268136
  96. H.-W. Zhang, J.-J. Hu, R.-Q. Fu, X. Liu, Y.-H. Zhang, J. Li, L. Liu, Y.-N. Li, Q. Deng, Q.-S. Luo, Q. Ouyang and N. Gao, Sci. Rep., 8, 11255 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29308-7
  97. S. Gorlach, J. Fichna and U. Lewandowska, Cancer Lett., 366, 141 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.004
  98. C. Rodríguez-García, C. Sánchez-Quesada and J.J. Gaforio, Antioxidants, 8, 137 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8050137
  99. A. Liskova, L. Koklesova, M. Samec, K. Smejkal, S.M. Samuel, J. Danko, E. Varghese, M. Abotaleb, K. Biringer, E. Kudela, M. Shakibaei, T.K. Kwon, D. Büsselberg and P. Kubatka, Cancers, 12, 1498 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12061498
  100. L.G.S. Ponte, I.C.B. Pavan, M.C.S. Mancini, L.G.S. da Silva, A.P. Morelli, M.B. Severino, R.M.N. Bezerra and F.M. Simabuco, Molecules, 26, 2029 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072029
  101. M. Ghamali, S. Chtita, R. Hmamouchi, A. Adad, M. Bouachrine and T. Lakhlifi, J. Taibah Univ. Sci., 10, 534 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.09.006
  102. J.-K. Kim, Y.-S. Lee, S.-S. Lim and Y.-S. Bae, Mogjae Gonghag, 38, 159 (2010); https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2010.38.2.159
  103. H. Tang, L. Huang, C. Sun and D. Zhao, Food Funct., 11, 3332 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1039/C9FO02806D
  104. J.-S. Kim, C.-S. Kwon and K.H. Son, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 64, 2458 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.64.2458
  105. S. Sato, J. Takeo, C. Aoyama and H. Kawahara, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 15, 3445 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.011
  106. C.I. Choi, Molecules, 21, 1136 (2016); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091136
  107. S. Jakobs, D. Fridrich, S. Hofem, G. Pahlke and G. Eisenbrand, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 50, 52 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200500163
  108. V.L. Rath, M. Ammirati, D.E. Danley, J.L. Ekstrom, E.M. Gibbs, T.R. Hynes, A.M. Mathiowetz, R.K. McPherson, T.V. Olson, J.L. Treadway and D.J. Hoover, Chem. Biol., 7, 677 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-5521(00)00004-1
  109. A. Kato, N. Nasu, K. Takebayashi, I. Adachi, Y. Minami, F. Sanae, N. Asano, A.A. Watson and R.J. Nash, J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 4469 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800569s
  110. J.F.C. Guimarães, B.P. Muzio, C.M. Rosa, A.F. Nascimento, M.M. Sugizaki, A.A.H. Fernandes, A.C. Cicogna, C.R. Padovani, M.P. Okoshi and K. Okoshi, Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 14, 90 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-015-0255-7
  111. M. Pinent, A. Castell, I. Baiges, G. Montagut, L. Arola and A. Ardévol, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 7, 299 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00048.x
  112. Y. Zhang and D. Liu, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 670, 325 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.08.011
  113. C. Proença, D. Ribeiro, M. Freitas, F. Carvalho and E. Fernandes, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 62, 3137 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1862755
  114. Gajender, A. Mazumder, A. Sharma and M.A.K. Azad, Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2023, 4139117 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4139117
  115. A. Allameh, R. Niayesh-Mehr, A. Aliarab, G. Sebastiani and K. Pantopoulos, Antioxidants, 12, 1653 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091653
  116. S. Pouwels, N. Sakran, Y. Graham, A. Leal, T. Pintar, W. Yang, R. Kassir, R. Singhal, K. Mahawar and D. Ramnarain, BMC Endocr. Disord., 22, 63 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-00980-1
  117. B.M. Motta, M. Masarone, P. Torre and M. Persico, Cancers , 15, 5458 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15225458
  118. A.I. Balan, V.B. Halațiu and A. Scridon, Antioxidants, 13, 117 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010117
  119. Zahra, H. Abrahamse and B.P. George, Antioxidants, 13, 922 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080922
  120. N. Leyva-López, E.P. Gutierrez-Grijalva, D.L. Ambriz-Perez and J.B. Heredia, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17, 921 (2016); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17060921
  121. K. Nakadate, N. Ito, K. Kawakami and N. Yamazaki, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26, 5206 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115206
  122. M. Wu, C. Wang, C. Mai, J. Chen, X. Lai, L. He, S. Huang and X. Zhang, J. Funct. Foods, 61, 103460 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103460
  123. E. Hoffmann, Arch. Pharm., 214, 139 (1879); https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.18792140204
  124. Q. Wei, Q.Z. Li and R.L. Wang, Molecules, 28, 1713 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041713
  125. S. Salvamani, B. Gunasekaran, N.A. Shaharuddin, S.A. Ahmad and M.Y. Shukor, Biomed Res Int., 2014, 480258 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/480258
  126. J. Duarte, R. Pérez-Palencia, F. Vargas, M. Angeles Ocete, F. Pérez-Vizcaino, A. Zarzuelo and J. Tamargo, Br. J. Pharmacol., 133, 117 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704064
  127. M.F. García-Saura, M. Galisteo, I.C. Villar, A. Bermejo, A. Zarzuelo, F. Vargas and J. Duarte, Mol. Cell. Biochem., 270, 147 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-005-4503-0
  128. L.K. Stewart, J.L. Soileau, D. Ribnicky, Z.Q. Wang, I. Raskin, A. Poulev, M. Majewski, W.T. Cefalu and T.W. Gettys, Metabolism, 57, S39 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2008.03.003
  129. M. Kobori, S. Masumoto, Y. Akimoto and H. Oike, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 55, 530 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201000392
  130. B. Enkhmaa, K. Shiwaku, T. Katsube, K. Kitajima, E. Anuurad, M. Yamasaki and Y. Yamane, J. Nutr., 135, 729 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.4.729
  131. R. Kleemann, L. Verschuren, M. Morrison, S. Zadelaar, M.J. van Erk, P.Y. Wielinga and T. Kooistra, Atherosclerosis, 218, 44 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.023
  132. S. Bhaskar, K.S. Kumar, K. Krishnan and H. Antony, Nutrition, 29, 219 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.019
  133. A. Kanashiro, D.C. Andrade, L.M. Kabeya, W.M. Turato, L.H. Faccioli, S.A. Uyemura and Y.M. Lucisano-Valim, An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 81, 67 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652009000100009
  134. A. Mauray, D. Milenkovic, C. Besson, N. Caccia, C. Morand, F. Michel, A. Mazur, A. Scalbert and C. Felgines, J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 11106 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9035468
  135. X. Pan, N. Tan, G. Zeng, Y. Zhang and R. Jia, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 13, 5819 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.071
  136. C.A. Williams, J.B. Harborne and F.A. Tomas-Barberan, Phytochemistry, 26, 2553 (1987); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83875-3
  137. Y. Kimura, H. Ito, R. Ohnishi and T. Hatano, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 429 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.041
  138. R.C. Shah, C.R. Mehta and T.S. Wheeler, J. Chem. Soc., 591-593, 591 (1936); https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9360000591
  139. S.Y. Yoon, I. dela Pena, S.M. Kim, T.S. Woo, C.Y. Shin, K.H. Son, H. Park, Y.S. Lee, J.H. Ryu, M. Jin, K.-M. Kim and J.H. Cheong, Arch. Pharm. Res., 36, 134 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-013-0009-6
  140. R. Pohjanvirta and A. Nasri, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23, 3168 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063168
  141. M.-C. Wang, W.-C. Huang, L.-C. Chen, K.-W. Yeh, C.-F. Lin and C.-J. Liou, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23, 6104 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116104
  142. G.B. Gonzales, G. Smagghe, C. Grootaert, M. Zotti, K. Raes and J. Van Camp, Drug Metab. Rev., 47, 175 (2015); https://doi.org/10.3109/03602532.2014.1003649
  143. K. Kandemir, M. Tomas, D.J. McClements and E. Capanoglu, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 119, 192 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.032
  144. J.F. Stevens and C.S. Maier, Phytochem. Rev., 15, 425 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9459-z
  145. Y. Liu, A.R. Fernie and T. Tohge, Plants, 11, 564 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040564
  146. P.C.H. Hollman, Pharm. Biol., 42(sup1), 74 (2004); https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200490893492
  147. A.L. Steed, G.P. Christophi, G.E. Kaiko, L. Sun, V.M. Goodwin, U. Jain, E. Esaulova, M.N. Artyomov, D.J. Morales, M.J. Holtzman, A.C.M. Boon, D.J. Lenschow and T.S. Stappenbeck, Science, 357, 498 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5336
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 31 Download : 25
PlumX