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Abstract
Chalk powders from different companies in Punjab (India) were analyzed using WDXRF technique. The studies focussed on the quantitative analysis of elements in school chalk to ensure the safety of its use. The elements like calcium, aluminium, iron, silicon and chromium were detected from the low Z region and Ba, Sr, Pb, Zr from the high Z region. Presence of these elements in significant concentrations in school chalk confirmed that it is an irritant and occupational hazard. It is suggested to use protective equipments like filtered mask for mouth, nose and chalk holders. This study also suggested the use of advanced mode of techniques like digital boards, marker boards and power point presentations to mitigate the occupational hazard for classroom chalk.
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References
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References
S. Nasir, Qatar Univ. Sci. J., 325 (1996).
M. Sudarshan, S.S. Ram, S. Majumdar, J.P. Maity, J.G. Ray and A. Chakraborty, Pramana J. Phys., 76, 241 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-011-0030-6.
S. Majumdar, S.S. Ram, N.K. Jana, S. Santra, A. Chakraborty and M. Sudarshan, XRay Spectrom., 8, 469 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1189.
B. Aryal, J. HEPASS, 3, 45 (2007).
M. Corraza, S. Zauli, A. Pagnoni and A. Virgilli, Acta Derm. Venereol., 92, 436 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1296.
O. Olusegun, I.A. Micheal and I.-A. Folake, J. Biol. Agric. Healthcare, 4, 83 (2014).
P.G. Satsangi, S. Yadav, A.S. Pipal and N. Kumbhar, Atmos. Environ., 92, 384 (2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.047.
K. Chandraiah, S.C. Agrawal, P. Marimuthu and N. Manoharan, Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med., 7, 6 (2003).