Asian Journal of Chemistry, a Multidisciplinary Chemistry Journal is a Peer Reviewed International Journal publishes from India. ISSN: 0975-427X (Online) |ISSN: 0970-7077 (Print) |CODEN: AJCHEW Prof. (Dr.) R. K. AGARWAL Editor-in-Chief Dr. HIMANSHU AGARWAL Executive Editor Dr. Bimal K. Banik Associate Editor
Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, Cell Viability and Biological Activity of New Cresol Analogues against Monilial Vulvovaginitis Triggering Pathogen
High biological potential of existing cresols and azomethine scaffolds considers them as promising leads for antimicrobial therapy, however the development of resistance and side effects limits their application in treatment of monilial vulvovaginitis. In present study, new cresols derivatives (NCDs) were designed, synthesized and characterized using ATR-IR, 1H/13C NMR and direct-mass spectrometry. All the synthesized were initially screened through molecular docking against C. albicans CYP51 (PDB ID: 5TZ1) and S. aureus DNA Gyrase B protein (PDB ID: 4URM). Study involved molecular docking of NCDs against 5TZ1 and 4URM proteins of C. albicans and S. aureus respectively, followed by synthesis of NCDs via imination and Schiff reaction of hydrazide analogue of cresol, in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity using disk diffusion method and cytotoxicity evaluation towards HEK-293 cells with the MTT assay. Novel NCDs exhibited high docking score against 5TZ1 and 4URM, high in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against C. albicans and S. aureus, and minimal cytotoxicity at 7.81 µg/mL. Overall, the study presents chemically validated and biologically promising NBA candidates for future development as peri-implantitis inhibitors. Based on the experimental results, this study concludes successful synthesis of NCDs as antibacterial and antifungal activity with negligible toxicity. This research also proposed that, these NCDs in future needs further evaluation for preclinical and clinical significance in monilial vulvovaginitis treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 N.K. Fuloria, L. Thangavelu, P. Kishore, S. Faridha, N. Sundaresan, T. Bhuvaneshwari, K. Arthi, S. Fuloria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Evaluation of (2,5-Dimethylthiophen-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine Derivatives as Antidepressants by In silico and In vivo Methods
The present study involves the design, synthesis, in silico evaluation and biological assessment of a new series of (2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine derivatives (4a7-4h7) as potential antidepressant agents. The synthesis followed a two-step route first, (2,5-dimethyl-thiophen-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one derivatives (4a-7) were synthesized via Claisen–Schmidt condensation, followed by cyclization with guanidine to obtain the target pyrimidin-2-amine derivatives (4a7-4h7). The designed molecules were evaluated using Swiss-ADME,Molinspiration, Protox-II and SwissTargetPrediction to predict drug-likeness, ADME properties, toxicity and target profiles. All compounds satisfied Lipinski’s rule of five and showed favourable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. Molecular docking against the serotonin transporter (SERT, PDB ID: 1KUV) revealed that compounds 4e7 (Glide score -7.8) and 4h7 (Glide score -8.0) exhibited the strongest binding affinities, outperforming the reference drug imipramine. Molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS further confirmed the stability of ligand–protein complexes, with compound 4h7 displaying excellent structural stability throughout the simulation. The synthesized derivatives were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. Their antidepressant potential was evaluated using the Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) in mice, where compounds 4e7 and 4h7 significantly reduced immobility time, showing activity comparable to imipramine. Among all tested compounds, compound 4h7 demonstrated the highest level of potency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Palupanuri Naveena, Konda Swathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Studies of Chemically and Green Synthesized CoFe2O4, Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4, Li0.5Co0.75Fe2O4 Nanoparticles via Sol-Gel Method for Electrical and Antibacterial Applications
This study investigates the electrical and antibacterial properties of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nickel-doped cobalt ferrite (NixCo1-xFe2O4) and lithium-doped cobalt ferrite (LixCo1-x/2Fe2O4) where x = 0.5 synthesized via sol-gel technique using Allium sativum extract (green route) and citric acid (chemical route). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS and FTIR to analyze their structural and morphological properties. The XRD analysis confirmed that Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4, Li0.5Co0.75Fe2O4 and CoFe2O4 compounds are well-crystallized and adopt a cubic spinel structure. The SEM images show distinct morphological changes between the variation of materials synthesis namely, chemically synthesized nanoparticles exhibit well-structured cubic phase, whereas green-synthesized nanoparticles display encapsulated and some irregular morphologies, probably due to the capping effect of the bioactive compound A. sativum extract used as chelating agent. The study on EDS confirmed the presence of all expected constituent elements in their stoichiometric ratios, verifying the successful synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles in the pure form. The analysis of synthesized samples through impedance spectroscopy confirmed that the green synthesis has lower bulk resistance and enhanced electrical conductivity comparative to chemically synthesized compounds. Among all compositions, Ni-doped cobalt ferrite (sol-gel route) exhibited the highest electrical conductivity, while green-synthesized Li0.5Co0.75Fe2O4 showed promising electrochemical behaviour, indicating its potential as an efficient anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, the antibacterial examines against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains confirmed that the green-synthesized nanoparticles demonstrate a significant and greater antimicrobial activity across all compounds. Therefore, this study highlights the benefits of plant-mediated green synthesis as a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional sol-gel techniques for fabricating multifunctional ferrite nanomaterials with improved electrical and antibacterial routine.
Copyright (c) 2025 G. Gowri Shanmugapriya, C. Yogambal, S. Umamaheswari, R. Rajikha, S. Analisa, C. Subramaniyan, V. Sathana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 5-{[2-Cyano-3-(substituted phenyl)prop-2-enoyl]amino}-2-hydroxy Benzoic Acid
5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), also known as mesalamine is extensively used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions like ulcerative colitis (UC), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. Hence, the current work aimed at the synthesis of some novel derivatives of 5-ASA involving cyanoacetylation and subsequent Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The compounds were then characterized using physical and spectral data and screened for in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The compounds showed promising in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities among which compound 4e (3,4-OCH3) exhibited superior dual antioxidant activity in DPPH and nitric oxide assays greater than ascorbic acid and 5-ASA. Meanwhile, compound 4l (-Cl) showed the strongest inhibition of protein denaturation and 4m (-F) exhibited highest protection of HRBC membrane. Further, PASS analysis identified 4j (4-CH(CH3)2), 4c (3,4-OH) and 4m (4-F) as promising anti-inflammatory candidates with favourable safety profiles when compared to 5-ASA. Overall, these derivatives showed good to moderate biological activity, suggesting for further evaluation under inflammatory conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ch. Soujanya, K. Madhavi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermo-Electrical Performance of Ferrite-Doped Chitosan Nanocomposites Modified with Graphene Oxide
The growing demand for renewable, multifunctional materials has spurred interest in nanocomposites for energy, biomedical and environmental uses. In this study, magnetic chitosan (MCS) and magnetic chitosan–graphene oxide (MCS/GO) nanocomposites were synthesized via a simple coprecipitation method. The structural, thermal and electrochemical properties were analyzed using XRD, FESEM-EDAX, TGA and impedance spectroscopy. XRD confirmed nanocrystalline phases (7.6 nm) with uniform magnetite dispersion in the polymer–GO matrix. TGA showed a residual mass of ~88% at 800 ºC for MCS/GO, indicating high thermal stability. Impedance analysis showed easier charge movement through the bulk at higher frequencies; both resistance and reactance decreased with temperature, confirming thermally activated transport. The activation energy (~168 meV) indicates efficient GO-assisted carrier hopping, making MCS/GO nanocomposites promising for energy-efficient sensors, solid-state batteries and thermally stable electronic devices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanjeeta Rani, Priti Goyal, Laishram Saya, Sunita Hooda, Manisha Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Novel Cyanoacrylamide Derivatives of 4-Aminosalicylic Acid
In this study, novel 4-[2-cyano-3-(substituted phenyl)acrylamido]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives were synthesized starting from 4-(2-cyanoacetamido)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid. The latter was obtained through the cyanoacetylation of 4-aminosalicylic acid, leading to the formation of 4-(2-cyanoacetamido)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid as a key intermediate. The Knoevenagel condensation of the active methylene group of 4-(2-cyanoacetamido)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid was done with substituted benzaldehydes in toluene by using piperidine and glacial acetic acid as catalyzing agents. The procedure mentioned above was used to synthesize fifteen final compounds (5a-o). All the synthesized compounds were characterized by physico-chemical and spectral data. The synthesized compounds were tested for in vitro antibacterial activity by the cup-plate technique, using 0.1 mL of test solution at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL, against two Gram-positive organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris). The outcomes of antibacterial activity were then compared to those obtained with the standard drug streptomycin and 4-aminosalicylic acid. Among all, the compounds 5l and 5h exhibited good antibacterial activity when compared with the standard drug.
Copyright (c) 2025 D. Sherisha Bhavani, K. Madhavi, K. Swathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Eosin Yellow Dye using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles from S. prostrata Leaf Extract and their Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 Cell Line
In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPR-Fe3O4 NPs) were successfully synthesized via green route using Suaeda prostrata leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The phytochemicals in the extract facilitated the formation of uniformly distributed, crystalline nanoparticles under eco-friendly conditions. Comprehensive characterization using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, HRTEM, XPS and VSM techniques confirmed the structural integrity, surface morphology, elemental composition, magnetic properties and functional groups involved in the bioreduction process. The average crystalline size of SPR-Fe3O4 NPs is 21.3 nm, exhibits superparamagnetic nature (14999.92 Oe) and characteristic type IV isotherm with a prominent H3-type hysteresis loop suggests monolayer-multilayer adsorption. The SPR-Fe3O4 NPs exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance in the degradation of eosin yellow (EY) dye under visible light, with degradation efficiency influenced by catalyst dosage (50 mg) and dye concentration (10 mg/L) in 80 min. Kinetic studies indicated a pseudo-first-order reaction mechanism. Notably, the catalyst maintained over 85% degradation efficiency after five consecutive cycles, with minimal structural changes as confirmed by XRD analysis, demonstrating outstanding reusability and stability. These results confirm that SPR-Fe3O4 NPs exhibit concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells (128.67 mean), making them potentially useful in cancer nanomedicine applications, particularly in targeted therapy or drug delivery systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muripinti Balakrishna, Gopi Mamidi, Sathish Mohan Botsa, G. Pavan Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Characterization and in silico Evaluations of Novel Chalcone Derivatives Containing Oxindole Ring
In this study, a new series of chalcone derivatives containing an oxindole moiety to evaluate their physico-chemical properties, pharmacokinetic profiles and in silico biological potential. The designed derivatives 3a-d were obtained via a condensation reaction between 5-halo-isatin and substituted acetophenones using sodium ethoxide under moderate reaction conditions. The structures of the synthesized chalcone derivatives were confirmed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The in silico evaluations were performed using established database platforms, including SwissADME and admetLAB 3.0, to assess their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) properties. All the compounds exhibited favourable drug-likeness, low predicted toxicity and compliance with Lipinski’s rule of five, suggesting their potential as orally active therapeutic agents. Molecular docking studies were also carried out to assess the binding affinities of compounds 3a-d against cancer-related target proteins such as PDGFRα (PDB ID: 9GZH) and VEGFR2 (PDB ID: 4ASD). Compounds 3b and 3d demonstrated the most promising binding energies (–11.973 and –7.726 kcal/mol, respectively), outperforming the reference drug, sunitinib. The docking results revealed key hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, offering insights into the stability of the compounds within the active sites of the target proteins.
Copyright (c) 2025 Atif Husain, Waseem Ahmad Ansari, Abdul Rahman Khan, Mohd Arsh Khan, Malik Nasibullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Polymers and Functionalized Polymer Catalysts in Organic Synthesis: A Mini Review
Polymeric materials, especially poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based systems, play an essential role in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and tunable surface properties, which improve blood compatibility and reduce biofouling. Beyond biomedical uses, PEG and PEG-supported catalysts have become valuable in organic synthesis because of their hydrophilicity, broad solubility, low toxicity and ease of functionalization, aligning well with green chemistry principles. This review summarizes key PEG-assisted synthetic methodologies for organophosphorus compounds including dialkyl/aryl phosphonates, α-amino phosphonates and α-hydroxy phosphonates as well as PEG-catalyzed routes for diverse heterocyclic frameworks. These include coumarins, acylals, indazole-triones, dihydropyrimidinones, oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, pyrroles, bis(indolyl)alkanes, bis(pyrazolyl)methanes and xanthenes. PEG-based protocols typically offer mild conditions, shorter reaction times, high yields and simplified purification. Overall, incorporating Brønsted or Lewis acidic moieties into PEG matrices provides efficient, recyclable and environmentally benign catalytic systems that support sustainable organic synthesis and combinatorial chemistry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Babu Pejjai, M. Varalakshmi, P. Sreevani, K. Jamuna, Reddi Mohan Naidu Kalla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Validation of Sensitive, Specific and Stability-Indicating LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Metformin and Becalutamide in Human Plasma
Metformin, an oral anti-hyperglycaemic drug belongs to the biguanide class and is traditionally known as an insulin sensitizer which lowers the blood glucose levels by activating AMPK (adenosine monophosphate protein kinase). Metformin has shown anti-neoplastic effects in various tumour models, including prostate, ovarian, breast, colorectal and endometrial cancers, by activating AMPK, which in turn blocks the mTOR/S6 kinase pathway and inhibits insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-mediated cellular proliferation. Bicalutamide, is a non-steroidal anti-androgen class agent, binds to androgen receptors, thus blocking the effects of androgenic hormones such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Previous reports on in vivo and in vitro studies suggests the combination of metformin and biclutamide dramatically decreases prostate cancer cell proliferation more than either drug alone. This work was undertaken to examine the effect of metformin on bicalutamide pharmacokinetic parameters, which may further aid in dose adjustment when administered concurrently to treat prostate cancer. So, for the simultaneous quantitation of metformin and becalutamide in spiked human plasma by LC-MS/MS method was used. The preconcentration of the analyte was done using Protein precipitation using acetonitrile. Separations were done on Agilent 1290 infinity II LC system paired with an Agilent 6470 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with positive and negative ionization modes. The mobile phase comprised 0.1% acetic acid in MilliQ water as solvent A and 100% methanol as solvent B with gradient flow at 0. 6 mL/min. column, column oven and degasser with a Zorbax Eclipse plus C8 column (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5 µm) was utilized. The retention times for metformin, bicalutamide and the IS (propranolol and tolbutamide) were 3.6 min, 4.7 min, 5.9 min and 6.1 min, respectively. For the samples, subsequent Q1/Q3 transitions: bicalutamide, ESI– m/z 427.2 > 184.5 (10 eV); metformin, ESI+ m/z 130.10 > 60.2 (12 eV); tolbutamide, ESI– m/z 269.09 > 170 (16 eV); and propranolol, ESI+ m/z 260.2 > 183.0 (32 eV). Data acquisition and instrument control were operated with Mass Hunter workstation (version 10.1). The established method was validated by following USFDA bioanalytical guidelines, Linear regression equations for metformin and biclutamide were 0.0822x + 0.00848 and 0.09588 x + 0.02635, respectively, with (1/x) weighting factor, the regression coefficients for metformin and biclutamide are 0.9963 and 0.9971, respectively. Mean extraction recoveries for metformin was 85.04% and for biclutamide was 86.23% all QCs. Solifenacin’s stability in plasma was confirmed through rigorous testing, including bench-top exposure (17 h), injector residence, six freeze-defrost cycles and long-term storage at –20 ± 5 ºC for over 7 days. The compound exhibited consistent integrity under all conditions. The analytical method underwent full validation and met qualification standards, supporting its reliability for routine bioanalysis and pharmacokinetic profiling in biological matrices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Parimala Kolli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Studies of Antioxidant Activities of Herbal Formulation of Curcuma longa L. and Cannabis sativa L. Plant Extracts: A Phytochemical Approach
The present study investigates the comparative antioxidant potential of Curcuma longa L. and Cannabis sativa L. extracts, individually and in combination, with the aim of developing novel herbal formulations. Multiple extraction techniques were employed for C. longa, including aqueous, heated, ethanol and Soxhlet methods, while C. sativa extracts were obtained via hydro-distillation of essential oil and cold pressing of hemp seed oil. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, curcuminoids, terpenoids, cannabinoids and fatty acids, which are known contributors to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Characterization using UV-vis, TLC, HPLC, FTIR and GC-MS validated the presence of key functional groups and bioactive metabolites. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with ascorbic acid serving as the standard (IC50 = 12.68 µg/mL). Results indicated that C. longa ethanolic extract exhibited strong radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 21.01 µg/mL; 85.2% inhibition at 320 µg/mL), whereas C. sativa hemp seed oil showed weak activity (maximum 10.01% inhibition at 320 mg/mL; IC50 > 320 µg/mL) and essential oil demonstrated moderate potential. Importantly, the combined formulation of C. longa ethanolic extract with C. sativa essential oil displayed significantly enhanced antioxidant capacity (up to 85.2% scavenging at 100 µg/mL with an IC50 of 45.6 µg/mL), suggesting synergistic interactions among phytoconstituents. GC-MS profiling further revealed that C. longa ethanolic extract was rich in dehydrozingerone (35.82%), turmerones (18.29%) and curlone (8.60%), whereas hemp seed oil was dominated by linoleic acid (56.11%), α-linolenic acid (17.02%) and oleic acid (13.64%), reflecting a complementary balance of phenolic antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings emphasize the chemical and biological complementarity of turmeric and cannabis, supporting their integration in polyherbal formulations aimed at mitigating oxidative stress. The study highlights the potential of turmeric–cannabis combinations as natural alternatives for antioxidant therapy, providing a basis for further pharmacological and nutraceutical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumitra Pandey, A.K. Sarkar, Ritu Chauhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of Malonic Acid Crosslinked Chitosan-Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Mixed Hydrogel and Studies on Its Probable Use as Micro Water Reservoir in Soil
Climate change has impacted the worldwide rainfall pattern resulting in either too little or too much rainfall. This has adversely affected the cultivation of water intensive crops like rice. This calls for judicious irrigation process avoiding wastage of water. Use of hydrogels in soil acting as in situ water reservoirs, releasing water to soil in a slow manner may address the problem of wastage of water and associated leaching of nutrients from soil. The present work describes the synthesis of a mixed hydrogel from two polysaccharides chitosan (chit) and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC) in presence of malonic acid (MA) as crosslinking agent. The hydrogel samples were characterized using FTIR, TGA, PXRD and SEM techniques. The swelling studies indicated approximately 1700% swelling at pH 9.2. Swelling index values for the hydrogel was found to increase from acidic to alkaline medium. The water holding capacity was investigated using soil samples collected from five different locations including Kamrup (Metro), Kamrup (Rural), Nagaon, Nalbari and Bajali districts of Assam, India which were classified as sandy soil. The experimental results revealed high water holding capacity for the soil samples in the pH range of 6.0-7.0. Experimental evaluation on water holding also indicated that hydrogel addition to the soil samples significantly increased its water holding capacity compared to the untreated soil samples.
Copyright (c) 2025 MITU DAS, Subham Barkataky, Dilip Kumar Kakati, Bikash Gogoi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Algerian Juniperus oxycedrus Tar from Two-Regions: Physico-chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Performance in Wastewater Treatment
In this study, the comparative study characterizes the region-specific properties of Juniperus oxycedrus tar (Cade oil or Gatran) from two Algerian provenances (Djelfa and M'sila), evaluating both physico-chemical parameters and antimicrobial potential. Laboratory analyses identified substantial provenance-based differentiation, particularly in rheological behaviour, where M'sila-sourced tar displayed 3.7-fold greater dynamic viscosity (1544 mPa·s) than Djelfa samples (420 mPa·s) under the standardized conditions (31.5 ± 0.4 ºC). Both variants exhibited complete bactericidal activity (100% elimination) against wastewater indicator organisms (total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci) at operational concentrations of 0.1 mL/L with 30 min contact time. The observed dissociation between antimicrobial efficacy (which showed no geographic variation) and physico-chemical profiles suggests that while biological activity remains consistent, material properties may dictate specific industrial applications. These results suggests for the potential integration of J. oxycedrus tar as a sustainable disinfectant in water treatment systems, pending further investigation into its environmental persistence and comparative cost-effectiveness relative to the conventional biocides.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naima Hellali, Mustafa Chouireb, Ouahiba Mimouni, Ouahiba Mimouni, Habiba Ben Abderrahmane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Flavonoids as Multifunctional Phytochemicals: Structural Diversity, Pharmacological Potential and Therapeutic Prospects
Flavonoids, a common class of polyphenolic compounds found in many plants, are known for their diverse biological activities and potential health benefits. They possess broad pharmacological actions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antiatherosclerotic properties. These effects arise from their ability to neutralize free radicals, modulate inflammatory and signaling pathways, induce apoptosis in cancer cells, enhance insulin sensitivity and protect hepatic tissues. Flavonoids also play a crucial role in preventing and managing various chronic diseases, with ongoing clinical trials exploring their therapeutic potential in cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Their multifunctional nature and natural origin make them promising candidates for the development of novel therapeutics and nutraceuticals aimed at promoting overall health and disease prevention. This review discusses the chemistry, classification, sources, mechanisms of action, absorption, metabolism and therapeutic potential of flavonoids, emphasizing their roles in oxidative stress and inflammation-related disorders. It also highlights some specific flavonoid compounds, their bioactivities and recent advances in enhancing their bioavailability for use as natural therapeutic and nutraceutical agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katharigatta Venugopala https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Fabrication of Magnetic Biochar from Corncob Waste for Efficient Removal of Indigo Carmine from Textile Effluent
This work aimed to remove indigo carmine from water using an iron oxide–corncob biochar (α-Fe2O3-C) composite synthesized hydrothermally and characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR and TGA techniques. The composite averaging 20.63 nm, contained carboxylic, hydroxyl, phenolic and alcoholic groups. Adsorption analysis showed higher efficiencies for α-Fe2O3-C than for raw biochar in both aqueous solutions (88.58-96.66% versus 71.94-79.93%) and real effluent (48.01-61.90% versus 31.74-43.66%). The Langmuir model best described adsorption on biochar, while the Freundlich model fitted the best for the magnetic based biochar composite. Maximum capacities (Qmax) were 4.76 mg/g (biochar) and 12.72 mg/g (α-Fe2O3-C). Overall, the composite significantly improved indigo carmine removal and shows potential for treating dye-contaminated industrial effluents.
Copyright (c) 2025 KOFFI PIERRE DIT ADAMA N'GORAN, Naminata Sangare, Kakou Charles Kinimo, N’guessan Louis Berenger Kouassi, Lemeyonouin Aliou Guillaume Pohan, Donourou Diabate, Koffi Marcellin Yao, Albert Trokourey https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Valorization of Food Waste as an Eco-Friendly Adsorbent for the Removal of Cationic Textile Dye from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies
In this study, Helix aspersa snail shells, a type of food waste and an effective adsorbent, were used to remove methyl violet 2B, a cationic dye commonly found in textile industry wastewater. This adsorbent is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, widely available and highly efficient. The characterization of the material was carried out using several techniques including SEM/EDX, XRD, TGA/DTA and FTIR, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the material’s properties. SEM/EDX analysis showed a heterogeneous morphology of this adsorbent, while XRD confirmed that the main component was CaCO3. After optimizing operational parameters, the highest removal efficiency (93.6%) was achieved at an initial dye concentration of 10 ppm, with particle size less than 0.1 mm, an adsorbent mass of 1.5 g, pH 8, an agitation speed of 700 rpm at a temperature of 20 ºC. The results showed a decrease in removal efficiency with increased ionic strength, with efficiency dropping to 49.5% at NaCl 1 M. The kinetic studies suggested that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherms were best described by the Langmuir model, suggesting monolayer adsorption on a surface with identical sites. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the phenomenon was exothermic and spontaneous indicating that it is a physisorption process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sara MEFTAH, Fatima Zohra BATANA, Salima MERGHACHE, Lila BOUZINA, Mutlu Sönmez ÇELEBI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Molecular Docking Studies of Benzimidazole-2-thione, Benzoxazole-2-thione and Benzothiazole-2-thione Derivatives as Potential HSV and HIV Inhibitors
In this work, the synthesis of 16 novel compounds generated through condensation reactions employing o-phenylenediamine, o-aminophenol and o-aminothiol is carried out. The synthesized products comprised derivatives of benzimidazole-2-thione, benzoxazole-2-thione and benzothiazole-2-thione, obtained in yields ranging from 70% to 90%. Structural elucidation was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, the study investigated the ADMET properties and dynamic molecular behaviour of the synthesized compounds. Significantly, this work introduces a novel synthetic strategy for generating derivatives of 2-mercapto-benzimidazole, 2-mercaptobenzoxazole and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, providing valuable understanding of their chemical structures and underlying formation pathways. Furthermore, the inhibitor activity of these molecules against HIV and HSV viruses was assessed using a docking method as an alternative to traditional laboratory experiments, enhancing the efficiency of antiviral screening.
Copyright (c) 2025 assiya atif, Soukaina ZAHM , Said JEBBARI , Nabil NOR, Hatim SOUFI, Houssine AIT SIR, Mohamed El housse, Habib El Alaoui El Abdellaoui, Mohammed SALAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fe3O4:Ce@NaYF4 Core-Shell Nanocomposites: Hydrothermal Synthesis for Enhanced Magnetic, Photocatalytic and Supercapacitor Applications
A novel Fe3O4:Ce@NaYF4 core-shell nanocomposite was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal approach and comprehensively characterized for supercapacitor applications. Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) confirmed the thermal stability of the nanocomposite, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified its crystalline phase purity. The functional group composition of the nanocomposites was analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The formation of well-defined core-shell nanostructures was confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed the uniform elemental distribution of core-shell elements. Optical properties analyzed through UV-Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy revealed improved visible-light absorption and reduced charge recombination, resulting in enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to assess the elemental composition and oxidation states, while vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) measurement exhibited strong superparamagnetic behaviour, demonstrating the core-shell nanocomposites applicability in high-performance magnetic system. Comprehensive electrochemical analyses using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed enhanced supercapacitive performance, marked by high specific capacitance and reduced charge-transfer resistance. The synergistic integration of Fe3O3:Ce@NaYF4 core-shell nanocomposite underscores its potential for environmental remediation, magnetic and energy storage applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 V. Ponni, C. Rakkappan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Quinoline-Thiazolidinone-Isonicotinamide Hybrids as Potent InhA Inhibitors for Antitubercular Therapy
A series of quinoline–thiazolidinone–isonicotinamide hybrids (SK-1 to SK-12) was design, synthesized and characterized for their potential as antitubercular agent. The hybrid compounds were synthesized through a cyclization reaction using thioglycolic acid, affording yields of 63-76% with high stereoselectivity and their structure were confirmed by IR, 1H, 13C NMR, MS and elemental analysis. Molecular docking studies against M. tuberculosis Enoyl-ACP Reductase (InhA) revealed high binding affinities (-9.3 to -7.5 kcal/mol) significantly better than that of isoniazid (-7.5 kcal/mol) primarily mediated by hydrogen bonds with active-site residues such as ASP54, PHE149 and TYR158. ADMET prediction indicated drug-likeness, effective gastrointestinal absorption, low blood–brain barrier permeability and reduced risk of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. In vitro antitubercular assay was performed by Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) and Low Oxygen Recovery Assay (LORA) methods, results showed that derivatives SK-3, SK-5 and SK-6 exhibited significant antitubercular activity as compared to isoniazid.
Copyright (c) 2025 Niranjan Kaushik, SATENDRA KUMAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Chemistry-Driven Synthesis and Chemical Profiling of Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Anticancer Applications: A Review
Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer treatment by enabling targeted drug delivery, early detection and personalized therapies. Cancer treatments now include surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy and the emerging approach of nanotherapy. This new treatment regimen has fewer side effects than other available methods. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is playing a key role as a valuable alternative to chemical and physical routes, providing environmentally friendly products through eco-friendly, low-cost and biocompatible methods. Metal nanoparticles produced via green chemistry using biological sources reduce the risk of side effects and improve the metal’s effectiveness against cancer cells. Green nanoparticles have demonstrated significant potential in inducing cytotoxic effects against a range of cancer cell lines in scientific studies. Because of their synergistic properties, biosynthesized bimetallic nanoparticles incorporating two different metallic elements have emerged as an effective treatment for cancer, outperforming monometallic nanoparticles in terms of biomedical efficacy due to their synergistic properties. Due to the initiation of multiple molecular mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, these nanoparticles can penetrate cancer cells and induce their death. Three-dimensional cell culture models, such as spheroids, are used since they can effectively mimic the key characteristics of solid tumors found in humans, for example, their structural organization, cell layering structure, hypoxia and nutrient gradients. Current review highlights the recent advances of the bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized by green chemistry approach with special emphasis on the involvement of phytochemicals in their reduction, stabilization, functionalization processes and cancer killing potential, with a special mention of its efficacy on 3D tumor spheroids model. Similarities and differences with classic synthesis methods are emphasized, showing that the green routes are faster, less energy-consuming and result in less toxic byproducts, which are eco-friendly and bio-medically important. The mechanisms of nanoparticle formation are reviewed here for a better scientific understanding. It goes further by discussing the scalability and applicability of green synthesis with a focus on anticancer potential. In summary, the application of phyto-components for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles holds great promise for the treatment of cancer.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nancy Garg, Varsha Mishra, Ritu Chauhan, Adesh K. Saini, Damandeep Kaur, Seema Ramniwas, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Reena V. Saini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carboxamide-Based Probe for Highly Selective Detection of Copper Ions: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Analysis, Theoretical Investigations and Catalytic Activity
A carboxamide based fluorescent probe N2,N6-bis(5-(p-tolyl)thiazol-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide was synthesized by the condensation reaction between pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic and amino derivative of thiazole and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy and LC-MS spectral studies. Absorption and fluorescence titrations were used to study the fluorescent. The probe exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity towards Cu2+ ions over a spectrum of metal ions (Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Cr3+, Al3+, Fe2+, Sn2+ and Pb2+). Using Job’s plot measurements, the binding stoichiometry mode of the probe with the Cu2+ ion was estimated to be 2:1. The Benesi-Hildebrand equation yielded a stability constant value of 8.252 × 107 M–2 for the fluorescent probe. It was found that the fluorescent probe’s limit of detection (LOD) for the Cu2+ ion was 0.0242 µM. DFT analyses have also been performed to support the sensing technique. The Cu(II) complex's catalytic activity was assessed using the one-pot azide–alkyne cycloaddition click reaction in water without the use of any supplementary agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanket Kumar Chakravarti, Vibha Sharma, Abhay Nanda Srivastva, Som Shankar Dubey, Netra Pal Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pyrimidine Scaffolds as Versatile Platforms for Therapeutic Potential: A Review
Nitrogen-bearing heterocycles continue to shape modern medicinal chemistry owing to their structural adaptability and capacity to participate in diverse biochemical interactions. Within this class, pyrimidine frameworks have emerged as especially influential, providing a chemically economical core from which varied pharmacological profiles can be engineered. Their modular architecture supports precise functionalization, enabling the design of molecules with activities spanning antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitubercular, antimalarial and neuroactive domains. Recent studies demonstrate that integrating pyrimidine cores with complementary heterocycles particularly thiazole units can substantially enhance target engagement, strengthen metabolic stability and yield more favourable pharmacodynamic profiles. This review summarizes the current progress in the development of pyrimidine-based scaffolds, emphasizing the relationship between structural modification and biological response. The collective findings underscore the continued relevance of pyrimidine chemistry as a driver in the discovery of next-generation therapeutic agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Lalit Mohan Nainwal, Dr. Poonam Arora, Ms. Vanshika Bansal, Mr. Priyanshu Poonia, Dr. Shwetakshi Sharma, Ms. Pallavi Barik, Ms. Nidhi Tiwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iron(II) Chloride Catalyzed Ligand-Free Double Carbonylation of o-Diiodoarenes with Anilines: A Novel Synthetic Approach to Phthalimide Derivatives
Herein, an iron-catalyzed, ligand-free method for the double carbonylation of ortho-diiodoarenes with anilines in the presence of carbon monoxide is reported. This protocol proceeds efficiently, affording N-substituted phthalimides with excellent selectivity and high yields. The results highlight a novel and sustainable synthetic approach to phthalimide derivatives, underscoring the potential of iron catalysis in heterocycle construction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Markandeya sarma Vangala, Himabindu Gandham, Sridhar Chidara, Venkateswara Rao Battula https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Ag/ZnO Bimetallic Nanocomposites Using Evodia fraxinifolia Fruit Extract: Evaluation of Photocatalytic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities
The present work reports the green synthesis of Ag/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) using Evodia fraxinifolia fruit extract, along with the evaluation of their photocatalytic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The synthesized bimetallic NCs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ATR-FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR confirmed the presence of secondary phytochemicals facilitating the synthesis of nanoparticles. XRD confirmed a crystalline nature with an average particle size of 27.9 nm. The SEM data confirmed the spherical shape of the nanoparticles and the distribution of the constituent elements was confirmed by elemental mapping. Photocatalytic studies revealed the 8% Ag/ZnO NCs exhibited the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency for methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). Antibacterial test showed 8% Ag/ZnO NCs greater inhibition zone against E. coli (14 ± 0.6 mm) compared to S. aureus (10 ± 0.3 mm). The 8% Ag/ZnO demonstrated significant antioxidant activity of 61.13 % with IC50 value 71.6 µg/mL. Based on the obtained results, it is found that E. fraxinifolia fruit extract can be effectively employed in the synthesis of Ag/ZnO nanocomposites with material characterization and biological evaluations confirming their potential for biomedical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sangeeta Jha, Mr. Bhoj Raj Chhetri, Dr. Nayan Kamal Bhattacharyya, Dr. Karma Gyurmey Dolma, Dr. Archana Moni Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of (0.5-9 mol%) Pr3+ doped MgO Nanoparticle for Display and Latent Fingerprints Application
Pr3+ (0.5-9 mol%) doped MgO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a solution combustion method using aloe vera gel as a green fuel. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns confirmed the formation of a single-phase cubic structure for all compositions. The morphological characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated using microscopic techniques. The optical energy band gap (Eg), estimated from UV–visible absorption spectra, was found to vary from 5.06 to 5.59 eV with increasing Pr3+ concentration. Photoluminescence (PL) excitation spectra recorded in the 350–800 nm range revealed characteristic emissions and the corresponding CIE chromaticity coordinates were located in the blue-green region. These results suggest that the developed phosphor materials are promising candidates for use as blue-green components in white light-emitting devices. Furthermore, Pr3+ (1 mol%) doped MgO nanoparticles demonstrated excellent performance in visualizing latent fingerprints (LFPs) on glass surfaces, indicating their potential application in forensic science.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vijay Kumar R, Dr. Amith Yadav H.J. Yadav, Prof. B. Eraiah, Dr. Rajendra Prasad S, Sushma Katti, V.S. Veena, Dr. Yashwanth Venkatraman Naik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Molecular Docking Studies of Some Pyrrolotriazine containing 1H-Pyrazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agent Against Breast Cancer
Pyrrolotriazine containing 1(H)pyrazole and its derivatives were designed, synthesized and screened for anticancer activity. Novel pyrazole derivatives incorporating a pyrrolotriazine moiety were rationally designed and synthesized via the Claisen-Schmidt condensation pathway. Initially, pyrrolotriazine was obtained through the condensation of pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde with hydroxylamine. Subsequent acetylation with acetyl chloride yielded acetylpyrrolotriazine, which was then condensed with various substituted benzaldehydes to afford pyrrolotriazine-based chalcones. These chalcone intermediates, upon cyclization with hydrazine hydrate, produced the target pyrazole-containing pyrrolotriazine derivatives. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for their potential anticancer activity against breast cancer cell lines. Docking study of synthesized compounds (R1-15) were performed by using PDB ID 8DUG with docking score of -10.5 Kcal/mol. Among the designed compounds, pyrazole derivatives (R1-15) exhibiting the highest binding affinities were synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Anticancer activity of synthesized compounds was evaluated against the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, compounds R1, R2 and R13 showed significant cytotoxic activity. Among this 4-fluoro substituent possess highest anti-breast cancer activity due to lipohilicity, membrane permeability and balance between electronic and steric effect, hence suggested that the synthesized compounds would be useful as anticancer drugs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Disha Dhabarde https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Novel Indole Clubbed Thiazolidinediones as Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)
The escalating challenge in the carbohydrate metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus in the modern era necessitates the development of antidiabetic agents that work on the unexplored pathways. In this study, the synthesis of a novel series of indole clubbed thiazolidinediones (TN01-TN08) for protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition as insulin sensitizers for antidiabetic therapy is presented. The molecular hybridization approach was utilized to synthesize the analogues and FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and LC-MS were employed to determine the structures of the newly synthesized compounds. The interaction mechanisms with the receptor, binding free energy and amino acid residues of the receptor enzyme involved in the interactions with different analogs were evaluated using molecular docking. The cytotoxic effects of synthesized compounds were assessed by MTT assay on HepG2 cell lines. Based on the cytotoxic assay, compounds were further treated with rat L6 myotubes as a model system to investigate peripheral insulin resistance and uptake of glucose by the cells. Further, selected compounds were subjected to an in vitro PTP1B inhibitory assay and most potential PTP1B inhibition was demonstrated by analogues TN05 and TN04 (IC50 28.52 and 32.67 respectively), which could further develop as therapeutically significant antidiabetic candidates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jisha Prems Vellakada, Anton Smith A, Lal Prasanth M L https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of Key Stereoisomers Related to Eluxadoline
Eluxadoline is a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) employed in the treatment of diarrhea and abdominal discomfort associated with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Throughout the laboratory optimization and late-phase manufacturing studies of eluxadoline, the emergence of several stereoisomers was observed. To elucidate the comprehensive stereoisomer profile of eluxadoline, we have synthesized and meticulously characterized the (R,R)-eluxadoline enantiomer impurity, (S,R)-eluxadoline diastereomer impurity and (R,S)-eluxadoline stereoisomers of eluxadoline for the first time. These impurities were identified, synthesized and characterized with IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra. This investigation will facilitate access to reference standards of these stereoisomers and may bear significant implications for the advancement of new medicinal therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 DATTATRAYA CHAUDHARI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sunlight Tempted Photodegradation of Methylene Blue using Cerium Doped La2O3 Photocatalyst
In this study, we report the synthesis of pristine and cerium (Ce)-doped lanthanum oxide (La2O3) nanomaterials via a sol-gel combustion method and their application as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under natural sunlight. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of hexagonal La2O3, with slight peak shifts observed upon Ce doping due to nanoscale lattice strain. Morphological analyses using SEM and TEM revealed that Ce doping induced the formation of a 3D network-like structure, enhancing surface area and active sites for pollutant adsorption. UV-visible spectroscopy demonstrated a reduction in the band gap from 5.56 eV for pristine La2O3 to 5.27 eV for 9% Ce-doped La2O3, facilitating improved visible-light absorption and reduced electron–hole recombination. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analyses further confirmed the successful incorporation of Ce into the La2O3 matrix without impurities. Photocatalytic experiments showed that 7% Ce-doped La2O3 achieved the highest degradation efficiency of ~94% for MB dye within 90 min, outperforming pristine La2O3 (78%) and lower doped variants. The enhanced performance is attributed to band gap narrowing, effective charge carrier separation, and the unique network morphology of the doped nanomaterial. This study highlights the potential of Ce-doped La2O3 as a robust, visible-light-active photocatalyst for sustainable wastewater treatment applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nitin Bansod, Nitin Bansod https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eco-Engineered Copper Oxide Nanoparticles via Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Cyphostemma auriculatum (Roxb.): Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation
As nanotechnology continues to expand the therapeutic applications of metal oxide nanoparticles across diverse diseases, this study emphasized on the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using ethanolic extract of Cyphostemma auriculatum (Roxb.). This eco-friendly synthesis yielded CuO NPs with reduced particle size and enhanced stability while eliminating the use of hazardous chemicals. Employing the ethanolic extract of C. auriculatum (Roxb.), the study synthesized CuO NPs and subsequently evaluated their antimicrobial activity. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, zeta potential analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to assess their structural, morphological and functional properties. UV-Vis spectroscopy displayed a distinct absorption peak at 532 nm, confirming the successful formation of CuO NPs. FTIR analysis identified phenolic compounds whose carbonyl and hydroxyl groups facilitated copper ion reduction and nanoparticle stabilization. The synthesized CuO NPs exhibited an average hydrodynamic size of 122 nm with a PDI of 0.389, indicating moderate dispersion. SEM revealed predominantly spherical particles, while TEM further showed a uniform size distribution within the 2-10 nm range, validating their nanoscale morphology. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory of the synthesized CuO NPs was further investigated. The results demonstrate that plant extracts can effectively tailor the properties of CuO NPs, thereby enhancing their functional performance. Among the tested extracts, the ethanolic extract of C. auriculatum (Roxb.) produced CuO nanoparticles with the highest antimicrobial activity. This green synthesis approach not only improves nanoparticle efficacy but also provides an eco-friendly and cost-effective route for nanoparticle production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashlesha Wakchaure https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Micellization of Sodium Octylsulfate with Sodium Salt of Ibuprofen in Aqueous Sodium Chloride
Conductance measurement was performed for mixtures of sodium octylsulfate (SOS) with sodium salt of ibuprofen (IBF) at 25 ºC both in absence and presence of sodium chloride. The experimental critical micelle concentration (CMC) values indicate non-ideal behaviour with synergism. Mutual interaction parameter (βM) and composition (xSOS) in the mixed micelle were calculated using Rubingh’s model. The attractive interaction between the components in the mixed micelle decreases with increase in the NaCl concentration. The calculated micellar mole fraction values indicate predominance of the mixed micelle with SOS. The slope ratio method was used to calculate the counterion binding constant for both the pure and mixed systems. The Corrin–Harkins equation was found to be inapplicable to the systems studied. The Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔGºmic) was also calculated and the values indicate the formation of stable micelles. The addition of NaCl was observed to thermodynamically enhance the micellization process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oinam Gobin Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles and Catalytic Activity on Hydrogen Production
In this study, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized via a green route using Cucurbita pepo leaf extract as a bioreducing and capping agent and their catalytic efficacy in hydrogen production from aqueous formaldehyde under alkaline conditions was investigated. The biosynthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibited a strong UV-Vis absorption peak at 200-300 nm and characteristic Fe-O stretching vibrations in the FTIR spectrum, confirming successful nanoscale magnetite formation with biofunctional surface groups enhancing stability and catalytic activity. Hydrogen evolution experiments, performed through the downward displacement of water to ensure CO- and CO2-free collection, revealed a 350-folds increase in hydrogen production rate from formaldehyde compared to the non-catalyzed system at 60 ºC. The hydrogen generation rate was directly proportional to catalyst loading, with a threefold increase in Fe3O4 quantity (0.005 g → 0.015 g) resulting in a substantial enhancement of H­2 yield (from 30 → 48 mL h–1). Mechanistic insights suggest a magnetite-facilitated Cannizzaro-type pathway, where formaldehyde and water each contribute a hydrogen atom to form molecular hydrogen, while sodium formate is generated as a recyclable byproduct. This green, low-temperature and CO-free hydrogen production process highlights the potential of biofunctionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles as efficient and sustainable catalysts for on-demand hydrogen supply in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Vijendra Singh Solanki Vijendra, Amlan Kumar Das, Sarita Khaturia, Neha Agarwal, Pramod Kumar, Renu Bishnoi, Divyanshi Sharma, Priyanka Choudhary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioactive Polysaccharide from Ziziphus mauritiana: Isolation, Optimization and Evaluation as Binding Excipient
Natural polysaccharides have garnered considerable interest as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations due to their biocompatibility, functional versatility and structural diversity. This study focuses on the isolation, optimization and structural characterization of a novel polysaccharide derived from Ziziphus mauritiana and its evaluation as a tablet binding agent. The extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), ensuring maximal yield under controlled conditions. Polysaccharide yield ranged 5.6-9.4%. Max yield (9.4%) achieved at 1:5 pulp-to-water ratio, 60 ºC extraction. Structural elucidation was performed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Linkage analysis revealed the predominance of →4)-Manp-(1→glycosidic linkages, indicating a mannose-rich backbone. Monosaccharide profiling confirmed mannose as a major constituent. The polysaccharide was then formulated as a binder in compressed tablet matrices and compared against potato starch as a standard. The Z. mauritiana polysaccharide demonstrated favourable binding characteristics and resulted in significantly slower drug release compared to potato starch. After 12 h, formulations containing the novel binder released approximately 18% less drug, attributed to the presence of the mannose moiety and its influence on matrix integrity and hydration behaviour. The mannose-rich polysaccharide from Z. mauritiana exhibits promising potential as a natural binding agent in sustained-release tablet formulations. Its ability to modulate drug release kinetics, combined with its natural origin, supports its application as a viable alternative to conventional starch-based binders in pharmaceutical technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Baisnabdas Pathak, Saptarshi Samajdar, Deepshikha Datta, Bimal Das, Gautam Mishra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Characterization and in vitro Biological Evaluation of Benzothiazole-Phenylsulfonyl Urea Hybrid Analogues as Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Agents
The global burden of antibacterial resistance, along with the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide, has intensified the search for new therapeutic agents with novel chemical scaffolds that possess both antibacterial and antidiabetic potential. In this study, a series of benzothiazole-phenylsulfonyl urea derivatives (C1-C6) were synthesized and their molecular structures were confirmed by HRMS-ESI, ATR FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral data. The in vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated against both susceptible and resistant bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii, using the broth microdilution method. All compounds exhibited low antibacterial activity (MIC > 128 µM), indicating limited potential as antibacterial agents. In addition, the same derivatives were also tested for in vitro α-glucosidase (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Type 1) inhibitory activity using an enzyme-kinetics assay. All compounds demonstrated varied degrees of inhibition (IC50 = 682.25 ± 2.90 to 801.51 ± 13.46 µM) relative to voglibose (IC50 = 711.04 ± 3.88 µM). Compound C3, bearing an ethoxy group at position 6 of the benzothiazole ring, showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 682.25 ± 2.90 µM), while compound C6, with a fluoro substitution at position 6, was the most potent within its subgroup (IC50 = 744.37 ± 4.86 µM). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis suggested that electron-donating substitutions at position 6 of the benzothiazole moiety enhance inhibitory potency. Overall, while these benzothiazole-phenylsulfonyl urea derivatives demonstrated only weak antibacterial activity, their α-glucosidase inhibition potential is found worthwhile for further structural optimization to develop as antidiabetic agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vasudeva Rao Avupati, Getha Dass, Nur Nisa Hizal, Chia Pao Tay, May Lee Low https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Overview of Nanocellulose and its Applications: Insights using Scientometric Analysis
This overview explores the versatility and applications of nanocellulose in various technologies, including energy production, biosensors and bioelectronics. It highlights the potential of bioelectronic decals for physiological and health monitoring as well as for the fabrication of flexible light-emitting sheets. Nanocellulose is also crucial in energy storage materials, particularly in solar heat-harvesting technologies and is essential for environmental sustainability because of its catalytic use in water and air purification. The growing need for nanocellulose based sensors in the healthcare and pollution control sectors is emphasized. Furthermore, the study discusses the role of nanocellulose in 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering with the development of printable hydrogels and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, a scientometric analysis based on Scopus data from 2015 to 2024 is conducted to evaluate the research trends in nanocellulose and its applications. The study provides insights into year-wise production, the top 10 contributing authors, their affiliations, leading countries and the most influential journals in the field. By analyzing publication trends and citation metrics, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the research landscape and the evolving impact of nanocellulose in scientific and industrial applications. Nanocellulose is a revolutionary and promising material with immense potential across multiple domains.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pradeep Heregangur Keshavamurthysetty, Madhu S, Dipti H Patel, sandeep D S, Nithish S , Parimal H https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Synthesis and in vitro Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Copper Nanoparticles from Asparagus racemosus Chloroform Extract
Asparagus racemosus has a wide range of therapeutic activities due to different types of phytoconstituents like glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, lignins and other bioactive substances. To enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the highly non-polar chemicals present in the chloroform extract, the current study aimed to develop metallic nanoparticles using CuSO4·5H2O at 1 Mm copper sulphate. The extraction was carried out by Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether. The identification of the potential bioactive compound was done by GC-MS analysis. The optimization and characterization of the metallic nanoparticles were done by UV-Spectroscopy, particle size and zeta analysis, ESEM, TEM, FTIR and TGA. The in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity were determined for the optimized formulation, moreover, in silico study was done by Swiss ADME, Moleinspiration and Oawasis data warrior software. The completion of the reaction was observed due to a change in absorption maxima. The particle size was determined to be 276.2 ± 8.1 nm, with a zeta potential of -50.09 ± 7.5 mV and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.29. The optimized nanoparticles exhibited a spherical morphology with a well-defined concentric bilayer membrane. No chemical incompatibilities were detected for the optimized formulation. Thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analyses indicated favourable thermal stability, supporting a good shelf-life profile. The optimized nanoparticles exhibited good therapeutic efficacy due to improvement in the permeability of the chloroform extract and major constituent, steroidal compound pregn-5-ene-3,11-dione, 17,20:20,21-bis[methylenebis(oxy]]-, cyclic 3-(1,2-ethanediyl acetal).
Copyright (c) 2025 SANDIP SEN SANDIP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recent Developments in Zeolites Based CO2 Separation Technologies: A Review
Increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities has become an enormous problem in recent years. As CO2 is one of the most potent greenhouse gases, increase in its concentration will lead to increase in the average temperature of the atmosphere, which is referred to as global warming. Global warming leads to unpredictable change in weather and climate, sea-level rise, decline in arctic ice caps, only to name a few. To get rid of this problem, carbon capture and sequestration has become one promising technological breakthrough. Porous materials have shown considerable advantages in the adsorption of CO2. Among many porous materials like metal organic frameworks (MOFs), porous carbon-based materials, zeolites, etc., zeolites have shown certain advantages like tuning pore sizes and properties by ion exchange, easy regeneration, greater selectivity, etc. This review article explores the application of zeolites in the field of CO2 separation, with a particular emphasis on recent advancements and emerging trends in their development and performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Buddhadeb Dutta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AQbD-Driven Method Development for Magnetic Nanoparticle Extraction and HPLC Analysis: A Comprehensive Review
The integration of analytical quality by design (AQbD) principles into analytical method development has revolutionized precision, robustness and regulatory compliance in the pharmaceutical and environmental sciences. This review explores the AQbD-driven optimization of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for enhanced analyte separation and quantification. The study outlines the systematic application of AQbD, including risk assessment, design of experiments (DoE) and control strategies, to optimize MNP extraction efficiency and chromatographic performance. Key aspects such as critical material attributes (CMAs), critical process parameters (CPPs) and critical quality attributes (CQAs) are identified to ensure method robustness and reproducibility. Furthermore, the article highlights the broad applicability of AQbD-based MNP-HPLC methods in pharmaceutical quality control, environmental monitoring and food safety analysis, especially after the advancement in magnetic nanoparticles application in different fields. Challenges associated with AQbD implementation in nanoparticle-based analytical techniques are also examined in pharmaceutical and environmental applications, alongside emerging trends such as computational modeling, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven optimization which is the most impactful for MNP-HPLC and automated method development. This review presents basic information from the 2008 UpToDate on the use of magnetic nanoparticles, while the application of AQbD in this context is relatively recent, having become widespread primarily after 2020.
Copyright (c) 2025 raneem darraj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioconjugated ZnO Nanoparticles from Solanum nigrum Leaves: Monosaccharide Unlocks Potent Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Power
The research focuses on conjugating biogenically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with glucose to analyse the inhibitory potential of ZnO nanoparticles against α-amylase. This study proposes, for the first time, that glucose-modified ZnO NPs may alleviate oxidative stress that hinders the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). ZnO NPs are synthesized by using an aqueous leaf extract of Solanum nigrum and characterized using different characterization techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, FESEM, TEM, FTIR, DLS/Zeta and X-ray diffraction. The ZnO NPs were assessed for in vitro antioxidant potential, confirming better antioxidant potential of GC-NP (IC50 = 45.7 ± 0.18 µg/mL) than UC-NP (IC50 = 53.4 ± 0.031 µg/mL). The bio-functionalized ZnO NPs were evaluated for their α-amylase inhibitory activity, showing enhanced inhibition by GC-NP (IC50 = 521 ± 0.004 µg/mL) compared to UC-NP (IC50 = 530 ± 0.01 µg/mL), attributed to tailored surface interactions. Overall, the study highlights that biofunctionalized ZnO NPs exhibit promising potential as a future drug candidate for targeted drug delivery in diabetes management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Archna Talwar, Avni Nayyar, Shruti Anand, Manaal Zahera, Prachi Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Novel Caffeine-Loaded Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofabric Face Wipe: A Comparative Electrochemical Release Profiling using Bare and Modified Electrodes
This study presents the preparation and electrochemical evaluation of a novel caffeine-infused nanofabric designed for controlled topical delivery. The caffeine-infused PVA nanofabric was prepared using electrospinning technique and characterized by spectral and analytical methods. The nanofabric was formulated to gradually release caffeine upon wetting and the release profile was monitored at different time intervals. Quantification of the released caffeine was carried out using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), employing both a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a modified GCE (MGCE) fabricated by electrospinning a nanocomposite of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene oxide (GO). Calibration curves using standard caffeine solutions demonstrated excellent linearity for both electrodes, with enhanced sensitivity, especially observed in MGCE (R2 = 0.999) compared to the GCE (R2 = 0.997). The modified electrode also exhibited lower limits of detection (LOD = 0.042 mg/mL) and quantification (LOQ = 0.139 mg/mL), confirming its superior analytical performance. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) at varying scan rates revealed a purely diffusion-controlled process for GCE, while the modified electrode indicated a mixed diffusion-adsorption mechanism. The maximum release of caffeine from the wipe was achieved at 30 min, establishing its efficiency as a sustained-release skincare application. This work also highlights the potential of combining electrospun nanofiber-modified electrodes with electrochemical techniques for evaluating the performance of face wipe fabric.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sayana K V, Manoj, Vishwanath T https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical Synthesis of Hybrid Bismuth Telluride Films with Graphene and Carbon Nanofibers for Enhanced Thermoelectric and Mechanical Performance
Thermoelectric materials offer a sustainable solution for converting waste heat into electricity, with bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) being highly effective at room temperature. However, enhancing its electronic and mechanical properties in film form remains challenging. This study investigates the improvement of Bi2Te3 films through the inclusion of graphene and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The nanocomposite films were synthesized via a three-electrode electrochemical deposition technique. Electrolytes were prepared using 0.75 g/L graphene nanoparticles and 1 g/L CNFs, subjected to rigorous stirring and intermittent sonication to ensure proper dispersion and suspension. Cyclic voltammetry guided deposition voltage selection. Graphene integration resulted in a 200% increase in electrical conductivity due to its superior conductive nature. CNFs enhanced mechanical strength, doubling hardness and increasing Young’s modulus by 34%, attributed to the Hall-Petch effect and CNF reinforcement. This study highlights the potential of graphene and CNF integration to improve Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric materials for a range of waste heat recovery applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 KHAIRUL FADZLI SAMAT, Muhd Aliff Ikhwan Che Azman, Amir Haziq Abdul Rasyed, Muhd Afiff Alias, Nik Ahmad Luqman Hakim Nik Abd Rashid, Mohd Hafiz Jali, Nguyen Van Toan, Takahito Ono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ferrioxalate Complex Derived Electrochemical Sensor for Nitrate and Phosphate Ions Detection
Sensitive and selective sensing of nitrate and phosphate ions in aquatic environments is critical as their roles in eutrophication and potential hazards due to industrial and agricultural pollution. In this study, an electrochemical sensor using ferrioxalate, a complex routinely synthesized and discarded in undergraduate laboratories, is developed thus aligning with principles of green chemistry and waste valorisation. The metal-ligand coordination was confirmed by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy showing characteristic stretching bands. The ferrioxalate complex was purified and used to modify a glassy carbon electrode. Electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to evaluate the complex’s sensitivity and selectivity toward nitrate and phosphate ions. The sensor exhibited a sensitivity of -5.16 × 10–6 A/µM for nitrate ions with a limit of detection (LOD) of approximately 0.70 µM. While voltammetric peaks were clearly defined even at concentrations below this LOD, these signals represent qualitative detection and do not meet the statistical criteria for reliable quantification due to inherent measurement noise. The phosphate ions sensor showed higher sensitivity and a correspondingly lower LOD of 0.45 µM. The developed sensor demonstrated good linearity and was successfully applied to real water samples, highlighting its accuracy and reliability. This method offers a sustainable, cost-effective platform for water quality monitoring, effectively using the material into a functional green sensor.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mainao Juli Basumatary, Dr. Dipjyoti Kalita, Dr. Rajib Lochan Sarma, Dr. Jitumani Rajbongshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solvothermal Synthesis of Flower-like CMTS Nanostructures for High-Efficiency Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes Under Natural Sunlight
In this study, Cu2MnSnS4 (CMTS) nanoparticles with a flower-like nanostructure were successfully synthesized via a solvothermal method by varying the reaction durations to investigate their structural, morphological and photocatalytic properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a single-phase kesterite structure at prolonged reaction time (24 h), while shorter durations resulted in mixed phases. SEM analysis revealed the evolution of well-defined flower-like architectures composed of ultrathin nanosheets in the 24 h sample, which exhibited improved crystallinity and phase purity. XPS analysis confirmed the presence of Cu+, Mn2+, Sn4+ and S2– oxidation states. The optical characterization using UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed strong visible light absorption with a narrowed bandgap of 1.66 eV for the 24 h sample. The photocatalytic activity of CMTS nanoparticles was evaluated under natural sunlight for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) dyes. The Cu2MnSnS4-24 (CMTS24) catalyst demonstrated superior degradation efficiencies of 76% for MB and 73% for CV within 50 min, attributed to its high surface area, improved charge carrier separation and enhanced light-harvesting capability. These findings highlight the crucial role of reaction time in determining the structural and functional properties of CMTS nanomaterials, establishing CMTS24 as a promising candidate for solar-driven photocatalytic wastewater treatment applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 SARATHKUMAR ANBUSELVAN, NITHISHKUMAR SRINIVASAN, SIVAKUMAR GANESAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ROS-Responsive Drug Release from Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Loaded Saponin Nanoarchitectures for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Curcumin (CUR), a bioactive polyphenol derived from turmeric, has gained attention in drug delivery systems due to its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer properties. It can inhibit cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, while also sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy and overcoming drug resistance making it a strong candidate as an adjuvant in cancer therapy. However, curcumin’s clinical translation is hindered by poor bioavailability and rapid metabolism. To address these challenges, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanoparticle system is developed based on green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs were fabricated using Phyllanthus niruri leaves extract, serving as both a reducing and capping agent. These biogenic AgNPs were embedded in a saponin (SA) matrix chosen for its ROS-sensitivity due to lipid peroxidation at the double bonds further reinforced with starch and loaded with CUR, resulting in a multifunctional nanocomposite, Ag@SA-Starch-CUR-NPs. This platform leverages the tumor microenvironments acidic pH and elevated ROS levels to trigger targeted drug release. Saponin undergoes oxidative degradation in response to ROS, while starch enhances pH-sensitive CUR release under acidic conditions. The nanocomposites demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (89.50%), pH and ROS-responsive release kinetics, particularly favouring drug release in tumor-like conditions. Physico-chemical characterization confirmed the composites thermal stability, spherical morphology and uniform elemental distribution. In vitro assays on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines revealed potent cytotoxic activity (IC50 ≈ 19.5 ± 0.20 µg/mL), while anti-inflammatory testing showed significant activity (IC50 = 20.13 µg/mL), outperforming the standard formulations. Collectively, these findings highlight Ag@SA-Starch-CUR-NPs as a promising, biocompatible and environmentally friendly nanoplatform for targeted cancer therapy, offering improved drug delivery performance and therapeutic outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Krishnaveni S, Parvathi K, Ayyanaar S https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl.: Chemical Diversity and Potential for Bioactive Compounds in Modern Pharmacological Applications
Ceratotheca sesamoides is a plant species having notable nutritional and medicinal properties, but it remains unexplored in West Africa, despite its importance in traditional agro-food systems. This study aimed to characterize the genetic, agromorphological and biochemical diversity of local accessions in Burkina Faso and propose sustainable valorization strategies for the species. Forty-nine samples were collected from different agro-ecological zones. Genetic diversity was analyzed using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, with data processed by GenAiEx version 6.501, revealing significant variation among accessions. Genetic structuring was examined using the Neighbor-Joining method, identifying three distinct genetic groups. Agromorphological, physico-chemical and biochemical diversity were assessed using statistical tools in R version 4.3.3. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences in traits between groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to study the relationships between key bioactive compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and essential minerals, such as magnesium, copper and sodium. These findings suggest substantial potential for the species in therapeutic and nutritional applications, supporting its sustainable valorization.
Copyright (c) 2025 KABORE Dramane, SAWADOGO Pingawendé, RAMA Adama, TRAORE Ernest Renan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-((3-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)benzaldehyde: A Dichromic Azo Dye with pH-Responsive Applications
An azo dye (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-((3-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)benzaldehyde (AD) was synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis (CHN), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ATR-IR and mass spectrometry. The DFT calculations with B3LYP/6-311++g(d,p) (gas phase/ ethanol) were performed with Gaussian 16 to understand the structural features, azo-hydrazone tautomerism and electronic absorption characteristics of the titled compound. Conformations were analyzed in the gas phase and in ethanol by a relaxed potential energy scan. The azo tautomer in ethanol was found to have the lowest energy (-1080.65601 Hartree). A comparison between the computed UV-Vis spectra using TD-DFT and the experimental spectra indicates that the azo and hydrazone tautomers coexist in equilibrium in ethanol. This alignment suggests the presence of both forms in solution, contributing to the observed spectral characteristics. The dye is pH-responsive and dichromic. It changes colour from pale yellow in acidic medium to orange in basic medium. The computed absorption spectrum of the azo (low pH form) and the enolate ion (high pH form) correlated well with the experimental results. Analysis of the molecular orbitals involved in the electronic transitions of the dye reveals that the new absorption peak observed in the enolate ion form (λmax = 466 nm) arises from a combination of transitions, specifically from the HOMO to LUMO+1 and HOMO–1 to LUMO+1. This mixed character of transitions contribute to the distinct spectral feature associated with the enolate form. The dye was successfully tested as an effective indicator for strong acid-strong base titrations. It may further be developed as an optical switch for pH-responsive applications. The HOMO-LUMO gaps for the azo, hydrazone and enolate ion forms are 3.37, 2.82 and 2.33 eV, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ekta Kundra Arora, Vibha Sharma, Timothy Gladston, Annriya Tom, Aleena Kunjumon, Jeslin Mary Thomas, Ayush George, Anita Sebastian, Evelyn Marie, Shreya Rawat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eco-friendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Persea americana: Evaluation of Nonlinear Optical Behaviour and Antibacterial Efficacy
Plant-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles is widely employed for intended applications and is regarded as a dependable green method to reduce the use of hazardous chemicals. This study details a straightforward, economical and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing highly stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Persia americana (Avocado) leaf extract as both a stabilizing and reducing agent. Distinct peaks corresponding to the cubic silver crystallographic planes were confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The surface plasmon resonance band of synthesized AgNPs was observed at around 452 nm using UV-Vis spectral analysis. FT-IR spectroscopy identified the plant extract’s biomolecules responsible for the effective stabilization and reduction of AgNPs. Comprehensive nonlinear optical behaviour studies were conducted using a single-beam Z-scan setup with Nd: YAG laser source, revealing significant optical limiting properties with a threshold value of 5.97 J/cm2. Furthermore, the prepared AgNPs demonstrated good antimicrobial effects against human pathogens, specifically P. mirabilis. These findings suggest that the as-synthesized nanosilver particles are promising candidates for optoelectronic devices and various antimicrobial applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 SUCHITHRA S https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Biological Treatment of Odorous Gas using a Bacterial Consortium (Bacillus and Pseudomonas) to Deodorize Landfill Leachate
Leachate accumulation is a major concern for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills as it causes potential harm to public health and poses a significant threat to surface water and local groundwater systems. This article presents the results of analyses on malodorous treatment at the solid waste landfill located in Casablanca, Morocco, using bio-deodorization as a pre-treatment technology. The main goal of this study is to remove odorous gases from landfill leachate. Microbial strains of Bacillus and Pseudomonas were seeded in a leachate pond to treat the odorous emissions from landfill leachate and consequently improve environmental quality and human health. After 28 days of seeding, the results showed that the addition of Bacillus and Pseudomonas greatly reduced the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and the ionic concentration of NH4+ to approximately 27.928 mg/L, 11550.3 mg/L and 1533 mg/L, respectively, with lower energy consumption, resulting in an average overall operational cost of 53.97 USD/m3. In addition, a significant reduction in total nitrogen (32.80%), nitrites (NO2–) (99.82%), nitrates (NO3–) (46.81%) and total phosphorus (49.50%) concentrations was also achieved at a post-treatment environmental pH of 8.5. These findings extend the field of application of biological deodorization and provide new insights into malodorous treatment methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 youssef GHERRABY, Younes Rachdi; Rajaa Bassam, amal Bassam; Rachid Cherouaki, Said Belaaouad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of Indole-Thiazolidinedione-1,2,3-triazole Conjugates as Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors and Some in silico Studies
In this work, new hybrid compounds (7a-o) embedded with indole, thiazolidinedione and 1,2,3-triazole pharmacophores using Cu(I) catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition as key approach were synthesized and characterized. All these compounds were tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against three human cancer cell lines such as A549, MCF-7 and HeLa and nocodazole was used as reference drug. Compounds 7a, 7c, 7g, 7l and 7n have shown predominant activity than nocodazole towards three cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to 1.37 µM. These five potent compounds were further screened for in vitro tubulin polymerization inhibition assay, where compounds 7c, 7g, 7l and 7n exhibited more inhibition than the standard drug combretastatin A4 (CA-4). In in silico molecular docking studies all these five compounds displayed remarkable binding energies with target protein α,β-tubulin (PDB ID: 1SA0). Further, results of in silico ADMET of the same five compounds revealed that they followed Lipinski rule, Veber rule, Egan rule and Muegge rules without any deviation and lipophilicity (Log Po/w) of the compounds was ranging from 2.80 to 4.06. Finally, compound 7n was characterized using density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP/6–311++G (d,p) basis set.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof. Ravinder Manchal, Veeraboina Lingaswamy, Raja Shekhar Kondrapolu, Ashok Kumar Bapuram, Satheesh Kumar Nukala https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhanced Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Gd3+-Doped NiFe2O4 Thin Films Synthesized by Spray Pyrolysis
In this work, the successful synthesis and deposition of Gd3+-doped nickel ferrite (NiFe2-xGdxO4, x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10) thin films using the spray pyrolysis technique was achieved. The films were deposited onto ultrasonically cleaned glass substrates and subsequently annealed at 500 ºC for 4 h to enhance crystallinity and phase formation. This approach offers a cost-effective and scalable route for fabricating doped ferrite thin films with tunable properties for potential electronic and magnetic device applications. The X-ray diffraction pattern reflects the presence of diffraction planes (220), (311), (222), (400), (422), (511) and (440), which belonging to the cubic structure. XRD analysis proved that the thin films possess a cubic spinel structure with single-phase formation. The crystallite size calculated from the FWHM of the (311) plane was found to be in the range of 16 to 10 nm. The lattice constant increased from 8.334 Å to 8.388 Å on Gd3+ doping. AFM analysis of typical samples revealed a granular nature and surface roughness and skewness factor. The cubic spinel structure was also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, which revealed the presence of five active modes. The I-V characteristic study revealed the ohmic nature, showing the resistivity of the order of 106-107 Ω-m. The optical band gap determined from the Tauc plot was in the range of 1.46 eV to 1.80 eV. The band gap increases with increase with Gd3+ doping.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vikas Magar, Sagar V Rathod, Tukaram Saraf, M K Babrekar, K.M. JADHAV https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0