Asian Journal of Chemistry, a Multidisciplinary Chemistry Journal is a Peer Reviewed International Journal publishes from India. ISSN: 0975-427X (Online) |ISSN: 0970-7077 (Print) |CODEN: AJCHEW Prof. (Dr.) R. K. AGARWAL Editor-in-Chief Dr. HIMANSHU AGARWAL Executive Editor Dr. Bimal K. Banik Associate Editor
Multifunctional Sr-doped Co–Mn Spinel Nanochromites for Antimicrobial and DNA Interaction Applications
A series of Co0.25Sr0.50MnxCr2-xO4 nanochromite samples, where x ranges from 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, were prepared by the citrate gel-auto combustion technique. The structural, optical and biological activities of the prepared samples were investigated. A single-phase cubic spinel structure was confirmed by XRD with Fd3m space group. The crystalline size was found to be in the range of 5.80 to 19.86 nm, calculated using Scherrer formula. FESEM images revealed a spherical and agglomerated structure and the presence of Mn, Co, Sr, Cr and O was confirmed by the EDS spectrum. The presence of M–O bond linkage in tetrahedral and octahedral bands was in the FTIR spectrum. The band gap energy of the samples ranged from 1.93 eV and 1.52 eV calculated using Tauc plots. The biological studies were investigated through antibacterial and antifungal activity using the pour plate method. The synthesized nanospinels exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida and Aspergillus, with clear zones of inhibition (~12 mm) and low MIC values (as low as 25 µL), demonstrating strong dose-dependent efficacy. Furthermore, the prepared nanochromites exhibited partial ctDNA cleavage and moderate DNA binding affinity (Kb ~104 M–1), indicating weak-to-moderate groove/electrostatic interactions. While antibacterial activity was minimal, the materials demonstrated pronounced antifungal efficacy against Candida and Aspergillus, with ~12 mm inhibition zones and low MIC values (> 25 µL), confirming composition-dependent and dose-responsive antifungal performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 R. Venkatesh Nayak, G. Vijaya Charan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Fe3O4:Gd@NaYF4 Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Supercapacitor Applications
Fe3O4:Gd@NaYF4 core-shell nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The structural analysis confirmed a cubic crystal structure for the prepared core-shell nanoparticles, with an average crystallite size of 52 nm. FESEM and HRTEM studies revealed that the Fe3O4:Gd@NaYF4 product consists of spherical nanoparticles with a core-shell architecture, which was corroborated by EDS mapping showing the distribution of Gd, Na, Y and F elements within the samples. XPS analysis further confirmed the surface composition and determined the valence states of the constituent elements, consistent with the NaYF4 shell. Optical studies revealed indirect bandgap values of 3.60 eV for Fe3O4:Gd and 3.25 eV for the Fe3O4:Gd@NaYF4 core-shell nanoparticles, respectively. The Fe3O4:Gd@NaYF4 electrode exhibited pronounced pseudocapacitive behaviour in CV studies, delivering a substantial specific capacitance of 612 F g–1 at a current density of 1 A g–1. This synergistic combination of pseudocapacitance and high conductivity results in better electrochemical performance, highlighting the strong potential of material for high-performance energy storage devices.
Copyright (c) 2026 J. Ragavidurga, T. Sumathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indoor Air Pollution by PM2.5 and PM10 and their Potential Health Burden in Low, Middle and High-Income Residential Areas of Enugu Metropolis, Enugu State, Nigeria
Household sources of air pollution play a major role in determining the overall quality of life. Air pollution has been reported to greatly affect public health and contributes significantly to respiratory and cardiovascular disease prevalence. In this study, the concentration values of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 were measured in different residential areas (Independence layout, New Haven layout and Ogui New layout) of Enugu Metropolis covering dry and wet seasons using Bosean K-600M portable multi-gas detector. The health burden across the three residential areas was determined using AirQ+ modeling software. In comparison with the middle- and low-income areas, the higher-income residential area (Independence layout) did not have significantly lower levels of PM2.5 in the dry season but did in the wet season. About 10 people are likely to suffer chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Independence layout whereas for the middle- and low-income areas (New Haven and Ogui New layout) about 15 people will suffer COPD. Furthermore, 5 and 16 people are likely to suffer from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) respectively in Independence layout whereas for Ogui New layout and New Haven, 6 and 20 people will suffer IHD and ALRI, respectively. These numbers are worrisome and justify the urgent formulation and implementation of measures by the government to reduce airborne particulate matter in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Antonia Nneka Nebo, Uzochukwu Cornelius Ugochukwu, Emeka Bright Ogbuene https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploration of Nutritional and Bioactive Potential from Aromatic Herbal Plants of Gilgit-Baltistan: A Pathway to Functional Food Development
This study explored the phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, ascorbic acid and mineral contents, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanolic and hot water extracts of six aromatic herbal plants viz. Hippophae rhamnoides L., Thymus serpyllum, Taraxacum officinale, Mentha arvensis L., Rosa rugosa and Prunus persica, from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compounds in the studied plants, including proteins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, oils and resins. The methanolic extracts showed higher values for all parameters compared to hot water extracts. Furthermore, T. serpyllum had the highest total phenolic content (18.769 mg GAE/g), flavonoid content (2.445 mg QE/g), antioxidant activity (91.72%) and significant antibacterial effects, surpassing the green tea sample (12.901 mg GAE/g). In contrast, the H. rhamnoides L., leaves exhibited the highest tannin content (195.744 mg GAE/g) and significant levels of Ca (19.64 mg/kg), Zn (10.43 mg/kg), Mg (12.73 mg/kg) and P (27.71 mg/kg), whereas T. officinale leaves had the highest vitamin C content (278.59 mg/100 g). Overall, the nutritional and bioactive properties of the studied plants were comparable to the green tea sample, highlighting their potential as nutraceuticals and their suitability for functional tea preparation and traditional therapeutic applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Shamsher, M. Hasnain, L. Douglas, H. Ishtiaq Hussain, H. Shabbir, A. Sultan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Polymer Immobilised Mn(II) Complex as Efficient Catalyst for High-Value Fuel Production from Hydrodeoxygenation of Bisphenol A
A polymer-supported manganese(II) complex, PS-[Mn(L-H)(Cl)2], along with its unsupported analogue [Mn(L-H2)2(Cl)2], was synthesised and systematically characterised using elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, EDAX, magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermogravimetric analysis. Spectroscopic and magnetic data indicated a tetrahedral geometry for the polymer-supported complex and an octahedral environment for the unsupported analogue, with the ligand coordinating in a bidentate chelating mode. The catalytic performance of both complexes was evaluated in the selective hydrodeoxygenation of substituted phenols, with 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol (BPA) employed as a model substrate. Reaction parameters such as solvent, temperature, catalyst loading, hydrogen pressure, reaction time and substrate concentration were systematically optimised. The polymer-supported catalyst exhibited superior activity, achieving up to 99% BPA conversion with high selectivity toward propane-2,2-diyldicyclohexane under mild conditions, while the unsupported complex showed lower activity and poor recyclability. The enhanced catalytic performance is attributed to effective metal immobilisation, improved accessibility of active sites and the heterogeneous nature of the supported system. Catalyst reusability studies confirmed stable performance over multiple cycles with negligible manganese leaching, supported by ICP-OES analysis and hot filtration tests. A plausible reaction pathway for BPA hydrodeoxygenation was proposed based on control experiments and product distribution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Priya Vimal, V. Gayathri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Green Silver Nanoparticle Synthesised by W. coagulans on Carbapenamse Resistant Gene Down Regulation Antibacterial Efficacy
The present study investigates the phytochemical profile, phylogenetic relationships and antibacterial activity of Withania coagulans, along with the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their effects on cytotoxicity and the downregulation of pathogenicity-related genes. Phytochemicals were extracted using Soxhlet extraction and AgNPs were synthesized via a one-step green synthesis approach. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible, FTIR and TEM techniques. The antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs against imipenem-resistant pathogens was evaluated, followed by cytotoxicity assessment. The results revealed that methanolic and chloroform extracts were rich in bioactive phytochemicals, which likely contributed to the enhanced antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of the synthesized AgNPs. These extracts also showed notable antibacterial activity at 100 µg/mL, producing inhibition zones of 13-22 mm especially against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. UV-Visible spectrophotometry confirmed characteristic peak at 210-230 nm attributed by phytochemical reducing agents. Size of AgNP were 20 to 95 nm and spherical in nature. The biosynthesised AgNPs demonstrated strong antibacterial effects, with inhibition zones of 17-21 mm across all tested clinical isolates. The qPCR analysis further showed substantial down-regulation (70-95%) of resistance associated genes, with fold-change values ranging from 0.045 to 0.51, indicating potent transcriptional suppression. Cytotoxicity assessment on A549 cells showed mild toxicity, maintaining high viability (91.8-95%) up to 100 µg/mL with preserved cell morphology confirming the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. The findings establish W. coagulans as a genetically authenticated and phytochemically rich source for biosynthesised AgNPs with significant antibacterial and gene inhibitory activities and limited cytotoxicity, supporting its potential for biomedical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 J. Ishwarya, D. Sangeetha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Novel Tetralone-Derived Triazoles Derivatives: Synthesis and in silico Studies
In present study, twelve novel tetralone-linked triazole derivatives (6a-l) were synthesised and structurally characterised using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometric techniques. The antioxidant potential of the synthesised compounds was evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibition assays. Among the tested derivatives, compounds 6e, 6h, 6d and 6i consistently exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities. In the DPPH assay, compound 6e demonstrated the highest radical-scavenging capacity with 79.9% inhibition at 120 µM, followed by 6h (64.3%), 6d (56.18%) and 6i (51.8%), reflecting a clear dose-dependent response. These findings were further supported by the LPO assay, where the same four derivatives showed significant protection against oxidative damage to lipid membranes. At 120 µM, compound 6e displayed the most potent activity with showing 79.9% inhibition, while 6h, 6d and 6i exhibited 64.3%, 60.1% and 52.12% inhibition, respectively. The corresponding IC50 values (24-30 µM) further confirmed their strong ability to suppress the chain-propagation phase of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the interactions of the synthesised derivatives with the oxidoreductase protein (PDB ID: 3NM8) and their pharmacokinetic profiles were predicted using in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pushpalatha Vodgalayya, A.D. Sathisha, B.B. Prabhudeva, H.R. Shashank Gowda, S. Nydile, K.M. Anil Kumar, Y.B. Basavaraju https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Characterisation, Molecular Docking and Biological Response of Some New Xylenol Analogues
Owing to the versatile biochemical properties of xylenols, the current study was intended to synthesize and characterize some new xylenol analogues (NXAs). The NXAs were evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against osteomyelitis triggering pathogens (S. aureus and E. coli), followed by in silico AutoDock studies against their key proteins. The NXAs synthesis involved substituted xylenol (1) esterification, hydrazination and subsequent treatment with 4-aminoacetophenone to yield intermediate N-(1-(4-aminophenyl)ethylidene)-2-(2,3-dimethyl-phenoxy)acetohydrazide (4), which was further treated with different aromatic aldehydes to yield N-(1-(4-((substituted benzylidene)-amino)phenyl)ethylidene)-2-(2,3-dimethylphenoxy)acetohydrazide (5a-g) following condensation reaction. The synthesised NXAs were characterised using ATR-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. The characterised NXAs were further evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against the osteomyelitis-triggering pathogens S. aureus and E. coli, followed by in silico binding affinity studies using AutoDock against their respective key proteins, DNA gyrase B (PDB ID: 4URM) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (PDB ID: 1UAE). Present investigation concludes synthesis and characterisation success of NXAs and high inhibitory potential against osteomyelitis triggering pathogens and binding affinity with their respective proteins 4URM and 1UAE. Present study recommends that in future the synthesised NXAs of this study should be further subjected to preclinical evaluation for osteomyelitis treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Sarah Grace, L. Thangavelu, M. Rubasrigayathri, T. Vijayalakshmi, S.A. Sri Harish, T.A. Shireen Farzhana, M. Pavithra, S. Fuloria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Molecular Docking Evaluation of Dual-Imino Benzopyran Analogues as Potential VEGFR2 and EGFR Inhibitors for Breast Cancer Therapy
The side effects associated with currently available chemotherapeutics for breast cancer treatments, intended present study to perform synthesis, characterization and molecular docking of novel benzopyrone analogues (NBPAs) against VEGFR2 (PDB: 6GQO) and EGFR (PDB: 3W32). The study involved the synthesis of some novel benzopyran analogues (NBPAs) by first treating 4-aminoacetophenone with a hydrazide derivative 5 of substituted benzopyrone (1), followed by treatment with different aromatic aldehydes to offer NBPAs (6a-e). NBPAs were characterized using ATR-IR, NMR (1H & 13C) and mass spectrometric analysis. The NBPAs were also subjected to molecular docking studies (using AutoDock 4.2) against VEGFR2 and EGFR. The results of the synthesis experiment and characterization study revealed successful synthesis of NBPAs and their structural elucidation. The docking study results also revealed NBPAs exhibit good binding affinity with 6GQO and 3W32. NBPAs exhibits good binding affinity against the targeted proteins 6GQO and 3W32. Present study concludes that synthesized novel NBPAs to exhibit high anticancer potential; however additional pre-clinical investigations are essential to support their clinical importance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. Manogaran, S. Fuloria, S. Karupiah, V. Ravichandran, V. Balakrishnan, N.K. Fuloria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterisation of Cetuximab by Different Mass Spectrometric Techniques
The structural complexity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies such as cetuximab requires comprehensive analytical strategies to verify identity, integrity and modification patterns throughout production and storage. In this work, cetuximab was characterised using a combined mass‑spectrometric and electrophoretic approach aimed at evaluating both intact protein features and fragment‑level information. Chemical stressing and enzymatic digestion with trypsin, papain and PNGase F were performed to generate targeted peptide and domain fragments, enabling the assessment of cleavage behaviour, glycan release and sequence‑dependent digestion patterns. SDS‑PAGE provided an initial separation and visualisation of heavy/light chains and digestion products, while MALDI‑ToF mass spectrometry enabled mass profiling of intact subunits and peptide mixtures. Although only single-stage MS analysis was available, theoretical digestion and manual matching allowed preliminary sequence confirmation and evaluation of post‑translational modification effects. Together, these complementary techniques demonstrated their utility in the structural characterisation of cetuximab.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krenaida Lulja, Mary Mrad-Hage https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Comparison of Wild and Micropropagated Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Ulmus wallichiana
This study compared the phytochemicals, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of wild (WUWE) and micropropagated (MUWE) Ulmus wallichiana methanolic leaf extracts. Direct shoot regeneration was successfully optimised using DKW medium along with 8.8 µmol/L BAP and 5 µmol/L PCIB, resulting in high shoot induction (85.65 ± 0.20%), shoot number (7.46 ± 0.22) and shoot length (5.35 ± 0.23 cm). Phytochemical analysis revealed that MUWE contained higher levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and carbohydrates than WUWE. MUWE exhibited higher levels of phenolics and flavonoids compared to WUWE. Antibacterial screening showed effective inhibition by both extracts against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. faecalis, with MUWE exhibiting slightly superior activity. Antioxidant potential, assessed using DPPH and ABTS assays, indicated stronger free radical scavenging by MUWE (IC50 23.81 and 20.66 µg/mL) compared to WUWE (IC50 30.72 and 29.83 µg/mL). MUWE also displayed higher anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 26.77 µg/mL) than WUWE (IC50 35.89 µg/mL). The cytotoxicity against HCT-116 colon cancer cells revealed enhanced antiproliferative activity by MUWE (IC50 75.24 µg/mL). Phase contrast microscopy confirmed these effects, showing cell rounding, fragmentation and loss of confluence with MUWE treatment. These findings suggest that micropropagation enhances both the phytochemical richness and therapeutic efficacy of U. wallichiana.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nidha Zahoor Shahri, Munisa Manzoor, Umar Shah, Gulzar Ahmed Rather, Zahoor Ahmad Kaloo, Arpita Roy, Vaseem Raja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of Benzimidazole Hybrids Incorporating 1,3,4-Oxadiazole, 1,2,4-Triazole and Schiff Base as Potential Antibreast Cancer Agents
A series of new benzimidazole-based hybrid compounds were synthesised by incorporating Schiff bases, 1,2,4-triazoles and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and were evaluated for breast anticancer activity using molecular docking, MD simulations and ADME studies. The benzimidazole-based hybrid compounds were prepared through functionalisation of the benzimidazole scaffold via N-acylation, conversion to hydrazides and subsequent cyclisation to form 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles. Molecular docking, MD simulations and ADME predictions were performed to assess anticancer potential particularly against breast-cancer-related targets. The oxadiazole hybrid (5e) showed moderate binding to β-tubulin suggesting the inhibition of microtubule function. Triazole derivatives (7a, 7b) exhibited high binding affinity to caspase-3 and PARP-1, which indicates pro-apoptotic and DNA repair inhibitory effects respectively. The Schiff base derivative (9a) demonstrated strong binding to ERα suggesting modulation of the hormone pathway. MD simulations demonstrated stable ligand-protein interactions and ADME analysis suggested good drug-likeness and oral absorption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chandrashekhara Kumar B Chemistry, Raja Rajeshwari Surgical Oncology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Imidazo Pyridine Fused Thiazole Derivatives
Breast cancer remains a major global health burden, driving the need for new therapeutic agents with improved efficacy and safety. In this study, a novel library of imidazopyridine-fused thiazole derivatives (4a-j) was rationally designed, synthesised and tested for anticancer efficacy using the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The design combined two well-established pharmacophores imidazopyridine and thiazole to enhance cytotoxic potential through synergistic structural features. The synthesis followed a four-step pathway starting from 2-(6-methyl-2-(p-tolyl)imidazopyridin-3-yl) acetonitrile. Base hydrolysis generated acetic acid (1), which was coupled with ethyl 2-aminothiazole-5-carboxylate using TBTU to form intermediate (2). Subsequent hydrolysis yielded acid (3), which underwent EDAC/HOBt-mediated amide coupling with various benzylamines to afford derivatives 4a-j. All the compounds were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. Molecular docking on human Akt kinase (PDB: 7NH5) showed favourable binding across the series. Compound 4f showed the strongest predicted Akt affinity (-10.024 kcal/mol), followed by 4i, 4g and 4d, though all remained weaker than the reference inhibitor borussertib (-12.63 kcal/mol). In vitro MTT assays revealed significant cytotoxicity for compounds 4i, 4e and 4b, with IC50 values of 35.85, 60.84 and 64.69 µM, respectively. Among them, compound 4i emerged as the most promising lead for further optimisation and mechanistic investigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 VELMURUGAN Vadivel, Sherin Abdul Rasheed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, Cell Viability and Biological Activity of New Cresol Analogues against Monilial Vulvovaginitis Triggering Pathogen
High biological potential of existing cresols and azomethine scaffolds considers them as promising leads for antimicrobial therapy, however the development of resistance and side effects limits their application in treatment of monilial vulvovaginitis. In present study, new cresols derivatives (NCDs) were designed, synthesized and characterized using ATR-IR, 1H/13C NMR and direct-mass spectrometry. All the synthesized were initially screened through molecular docking against C. albicans CYP51 (PDB ID: 5TZ1) and S. aureus DNA Gyrase B protein (PDB ID: 4URM). Study involved molecular docking of NCDs against 5TZ1 and 4URM proteins of C. albicans and S. aureus respectively, followed by synthesis of NCDs via imination and Schiff reaction of hydrazide analogue of cresol, in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity using disk diffusion method and cytotoxicity evaluation towards HEK-293 cells with the MTT assay. Novel NCDs exhibited high docking score against 5TZ1 and 4URM, high in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against C. albicans and S. aureus, and minimal cytotoxicity at 7.81 µg/mL. Overall, the study presents chemically validated and biologically promising NBA candidates for future development as peri-implantitis inhibitors. Based on the experimental results, this study concludes successful synthesis of NCDs as antibacterial and antifungal activity with negligible toxicity. This research also proposed that, these NCDs in future needs further evaluation for preclinical and clinical significance in monilial vulvovaginitis treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 N.K. Fuloria, L. Thangavelu, P. Kishore, S. Faridha, N. Sundaresan, T. Bhuvaneshwari, K. Arthi, S. Fuloria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Evaluation of (2,5-Dimethylthiophen-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine Derivatives as Antidepressants by In silico and In vivo Methods
The present study involves the design, synthesis, in silico evaluation and biological assessment of a new series of (2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine derivatives (4a7-4h7) as potential antidepressant agents. The synthesis followed a two-step route first, (2,5-dimethyl-thiophen-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one derivatives (4a-7) were synthesized via Claisen–Schmidt condensation, followed by cyclization with guanidine to obtain the target pyrimidin-2-amine derivatives (4a7-4h7). The designed molecules were evaluated using Swiss-ADME,Molinspiration, Protox-II and SwissTargetPrediction to predict drug-likeness, ADME properties, toxicity and target profiles. All compounds satisfied Lipinski’s rule of five and showed favourable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. Molecular docking against the serotonin transporter (SERT, PDB ID: 1KUV) revealed that compounds 4e7 (Glide score -7.8) and 4h7 (Glide score -8.0) exhibited the strongest binding affinities, outperforming the reference drug imipramine. Molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS further confirmed the stability of ligand–protein complexes, with compound 4h7 displaying excellent structural stability throughout the simulation. The synthesized derivatives were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. Their antidepressant potential was evaluated using the Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) in mice, where compounds 4e7 and 4h7 significantly reduced immobility time, showing activity comparable to imipramine. Among all tested compounds, compound 4h7 demonstrated the highest level of potency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Palupanuri Naveena, Konda Swathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Studies of Chemically and Green Synthesized CoFe2O4, Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4, Li0.5Co0.75Fe2O4 Nanoparticles via Sol-Gel Method for Electrical and Antibacterial Applications
This study investigates the electrical and antibacterial properties of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nickel-doped cobalt ferrite (NixCo1-xFe2O4) and lithium-doped cobalt ferrite (LixCo1-x/2Fe2O4) where x = 0.5 synthesized via sol-gel technique using Allium sativum extract (green route) and citric acid (chemical route). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS and FTIR to analyze their structural and morphological properties. The XRD analysis confirmed that Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4, Li0.5Co0.75Fe2O4 and CoFe2O4 compounds are well-crystallized and adopt a cubic spinel structure. The SEM images show distinct morphological changes between the variation of materials synthesis namely, chemically synthesized nanoparticles exhibit well-structured cubic phase, whereas green-synthesized nanoparticles display encapsulated and some irregular morphologies, probably due to the capping effect of the bioactive compound A. sativum extract used as chelating agent. The study on EDS confirmed the presence of all expected constituent elements in their stoichiometric ratios, verifying the successful synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles in the pure form. The analysis of synthesized samples through impedance spectroscopy confirmed that the green synthesis has lower bulk resistance and enhanced electrical conductivity comparative to chemically synthesized compounds. Among all compositions, Ni-doped cobalt ferrite (sol-gel route) exhibited the highest electrical conductivity, while green-synthesized Li0.5Co0.75Fe2O4 showed promising electrochemical behaviour, indicating its potential as an efficient anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, the antibacterial examines against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains confirmed that the green-synthesized nanoparticles demonstrate a significant and greater antimicrobial activity across all compounds. Therefore, this study highlights the benefits of plant-mediated green synthesis as a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional sol-gel techniques for fabricating multifunctional ferrite nanomaterials with improved electrical and antibacterial routine.
Copyright (c) 2025 G. Gowri Shanmugapriya, C. Yogambal, S. Umamaheswari, R. Rajikha, S. Analisa, C. Subramaniyan, V. Sathana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 5-{[2-Cyano-3-(substituted phenyl)prop-2-enoyl]amino}-2-hydroxy Benzoic Acid
5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), also known as mesalamine is extensively used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions like ulcerative colitis (UC), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. Hence, the current work aimed at the synthesis of some novel derivatives of 5-ASA involving cyanoacetylation and subsequent Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The compounds were then characterized using physical and spectral data and screened for in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The compounds showed promising in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities among which compound 4e (3,4-OCH3) exhibited superior dual antioxidant activity in DPPH and nitric oxide assays greater than ascorbic acid and 5-ASA. Meanwhile, compound 4l (-Cl) showed the strongest inhibition of protein denaturation and 4m (-F) exhibited highest protection of HRBC membrane. Further, PASS analysis identified 4j (4-CH(CH3)2), 4c (3,4-OH) and 4m (4-F) as promising anti-inflammatory candidates with favourable safety profiles when compared to 5-ASA. Overall, these derivatives showed good to moderate biological activity, suggesting for further evaluation under inflammatory conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ch. Soujanya, K. Madhavi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermo-Electrical Performance of Ferrite-Doped Chitosan Nanocomposites Modified with Graphene Oxide
The growing demand for renewable, multifunctional materials has spurred interest in nanocomposites for energy, biomedical and environmental uses. In this study, magnetic chitosan (MCS) and magnetic chitosan–graphene oxide (MCS/GO) nanocomposites were synthesized via a simple coprecipitation method. The structural, thermal and electrochemical properties were analyzed using XRD, FESEM-EDAX, TGA and impedance spectroscopy. XRD confirmed nanocrystalline phases (7.6 nm) with uniform magnetite dispersion in the polymer–GO matrix. TGA showed a residual mass of ~88% at 800 ºC for MCS/GO, indicating high thermal stability. Impedance analysis showed easier charge movement through the bulk at higher frequencies; both resistance and reactance decreased with temperature, confirming thermally activated transport. The activation energy (~168 meV) indicates efficient GO-assisted carrier hopping, making MCS/GO nanocomposites promising for energy-efficient sensors, solid-state batteries and thermally stable electronic devices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanjeeta Rani, Priti Goyal, Laishram Saya, Sunita Hooda, Manisha Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Novel Cyanoacrylamide Derivatives of 4-Aminosalicylic Acid
In this study, novel 4-[2-cyano-3-(substituted phenyl)acrylamido]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives were synthesized starting from 4-(2-cyanoacetamido)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid. The latter was obtained through the cyanoacetylation of 4-aminosalicylic acid, leading to the formation of 4-(2-cyanoacetamido)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid as a key intermediate. The Knoevenagel condensation of the active methylene group of 4-(2-cyanoacetamido)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid was done with substituted benzaldehydes in toluene by using piperidine and glacial acetic acid as catalyzing agents. The procedure mentioned above was used to synthesize fifteen final compounds (5a-o). All the synthesized compounds were characterized by physico-chemical and spectral data. The synthesized compounds were tested for in vitro antibacterial activity by the cup-plate technique, using 0.1 mL of test solution at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL, against two Gram-positive organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris). The outcomes of antibacterial activity were then compared to those obtained with the standard drug streptomycin and 4-aminosalicylic acid. Among all, the compounds 5l and 5h exhibited good antibacterial activity when compared with the standard drug.
Copyright (c) 2025 D. Sherisha Bhavani, K. Madhavi, K. Swathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Eosin Yellow Dye using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles from S. prostrata Leaf Extract and their Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 Cell Line
In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPR-Fe3O4 NPs) were successfully synthesized via green route using Suaeda prostrata leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The phytochemicals in the extract facilitated the formation of uniformly distributed, crystalline nanoparticles under eco-friendly conditions. Comprehensive characterization using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, HRTEM, XPS and VSM techniques confirmed the structural integrity, surface morphology, elemental composition, magnetic properties and functional groups involved in the bioreduction process. The average crystalline size of SPR-Fe3O4 NPs is 21.3 nm, exhibits superparamagnetic nature (14999.92 Oe) and characteristic type IV isotherm with a prominent H3-type hysteresis loop suggests monolayer-multilayer adsorption. The SPR-Fe3O4 NPs exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance in the degradation of eosin yellow (EY) dye under visible light, with degradation efficiency influenced by catalyst dosage (50 mg) and dye concentration (10 mg/L) in 80 min. Kinetic studies indicated a pseudo-first-order reaction mechanism. Notably, the catalyst maintained over 85% degradation efficiency after five consecutive cycles, with minimal structural changes as confirmed by XRD analysis, demonstrating outstanding reusability and stability. These results confirm that SPR-Fe3O4 NPs exhibit concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells (128.67 mean), making them potentially useful in cancer nanomedicine applications, particularly in targeted therapy or drug delivery systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muripinti Balakrishna, Gopi Mamidi, Sathish Mohan Botsa, G. Pavan Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Characterization and in silico Evaluations of Novel Chalcone Derivatives Containing Oxindole Ring
In this study, a new series of chalcone derivatives containing an oxindole moiety to evaluate their physico-chemical properties, pharmacokinetic profiles and in silico biological potential. The designed derivatives 3a-d were obtained via a condensation reaction between 5-halo-isatin and substituted acetophenones using sodium ethoxide under moderate reaction conditions. The structures of the synthesized chalcone derivatives were confirmed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The in silico evaluations were performed using established database platforms, including SwissADME and admetLAB 3.0, to assess their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) properties. All the compounds exhibited favourable drug-likeness, low predicted toxicity and compliance with Lipinski’s rule of five, suggesting their potential as orally active therapeutic agents. Molecular docking studies were also carried out to assess the binding affinities of compounds 3a-d against cancer-related target proteins such as PDGFRα (PDB ID: 9GZH) and VEGFR2 (PDB ID: 4ASD). Compounds 3b and 3d demonstrated the most promising binding energies (–11.973 and –7.726 kcal/mol, respectively), outperforming the reference drug, sunitinib. The docking results revealed key hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, offering insights into the stability of the compounds within the active sites of the target proteins.
Copyright (c) 2025 Atif Husain, Waseem Ahmad Ansari, Abdul Rahman Khan, Mohd Arsh Khan, Malik Nasibullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Polymers and Functionalized Polymer Catalysts in Organic Synthesis: A Mini Review
Polymeric materials, especially poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based systems, play an essential role in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and tunable surface properties, which improve blood compatibility and reduce biofouling. Beyond biomedical uses, PEG and PEG-supported catalysts have become valuable in organic synthesis because of their hydrophilicity, broad solubility, low toxicity and ease of functionalization, aligning well with green chemistry principles. This review summarizes key PEG-assisted synthetic methodologies for organophosphorus compounds including dialkyl/aryl phosphonates, α-amino phosphonates and α-hydroxy phosphonates as well as PEG-catalyzed routes for diverse heterocyclic frameworks. These include coumarins, acylals, indazole-triones, dihydropyrimidinones, oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, pyrroles, bis(indolyl)alkanes, bis(pyrazolyl)methanes and xanthenes. PEG-based protocols typically offer mild conditions, shorter reaction times, high yields and simplified purification. Overall, incorporating Brønsted or Lewis acidic moieties into PEG matrices provides efficient, recyclable and environmentally benign catalytic systems that support sustainable organic synthesis and combinatorial chemistry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Babu Pejjai, M. Varalakshmi, P. Sreevani, K. Jamuna, Reddi Mohan Naidu Kalla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comprehensive Review on Pyrazole Derivatives as Inhibitors for Iron Protection in Acidic Media: From Molecular Interactions to Corrosion Control
Corrosion in industrial systems represents a major economic and technical challenge, resulting in annual global losses amounting to several billions of dollars. To mitigate the severe economic and structural impacts of corrosion, researchers are developing efficient and environmentally acceptable inhibitors for metallic materials. Both organic and inorganic inhibitors have been extensively studied for their ability to retard metal degradation in aggressive environments through surface adsorption or passive film formation. Laboratory research had already employed various methods, together with weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP) and electrochemical impedance (EIS), to address the issue by 1995. These techniques were implemented through experiments. Atomic force spectroscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDX) also utilised as supportive evidence. A focus was placed on organic inhibitors containing heteroatoms as well as extracts/oils from plants. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the recent research status of the compounds containing pyrazole moiety as corrosion protectors for Fe metal in a hydrochloric acid (HCl) environment. There are literature data on corrosion inhibitors that contain these pyrazole derivatives that are used in acid solutions to protect steel. In addition to organic-metal ion complexes, compounds with pyrazole moieties adsorb on metallic surfaces by physical or chemical processes. In general, pyrazole molecules are capable of suppressing both anodic and cathodic corrosion. In the majority of the literature, researchers used the Gaussian 09 program to compare DFT theoretical results with experimental findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 PUNITHA N, SIVAKUMAR A, PARVATHI PRIYA A, ANITHA M, THAMIZHANBAN A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Fabrication of CsSnI3 Electrodes with 2D Perovskite (BA2SnI4)-Enhanced PVDF-HFP Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Advanced Solid-State Supercapacitor Devices
In this study, a novel symmetric solid-state supercapacitor was fabricated by integrating lead-free CsSnI3 perovskite electrodes with a 2D Ruddlesden-Popper (BA2SnI4)-reinforced PVDF-HFP/NaPF6 gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). Composite GPEs were prepared via a solution-casting method with varying BA2SnI4 contents (0-20 wt.%) to enhance ionic conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and interfacial stability. Among the prepared samples, the optimized PNPS3 electrolyte containing 15 wt.% BA2SnI4 exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 1.12 mS cm–1 and lowest bulk resistance (92 Ω), attributed to the formation of efficient ion-hopping pathways and reduced polymer crystallinity. The structural analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of layered BA2SnI4 nanosheets and the formation of highly crystalline orthorhombic black-phase CsSnI3 electrodes. With an energy density of 25.8 Wh kg–1, a power density of around 500 Wh g–1, a low IR drop (0.042 V), an equivalent series resistance of 4.8 Ω and a charge transfer resistance of 12.6 Ω, an optimized symmetric CsSnI3/PNPS3/CsSnI3 devices produced a high specific capacitance at 186 F g–1 at 1 A g–1. After 5000 cycles, the device showed outstanding cycling stability, maintaining 92% with its initial capacitance with a coulombic efficiency of >97%. The composite electrolyte membrane sustained over 1000 bending cycles, confirming its mechanical robustness for flexible applications. The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the synergistic coupling between conductive CsSnI3 electrodes and the layered BA2SnI4-reinforced polymer matrix, which promotes rapid Na+ transport, stable interfaces and suppressed degradation. For next-generation energy storage devices, this work offers an efficient method for developing flexible, high-energy-density and eco-friendly solid-state supercapacitors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nidhi Yadav, Navneet Kumar, Mrinmoy Kumar Chini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Calcium Doping on the Structural, Vibrational and Optical Properties of Nickel Ferrite
Calcium-doped nickel ferrite (Ni1-xCaxFe2O4, x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) nanoparticles were synthesised using citric acid assisted sol-gel auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a cubic spinel structure with single phase. Crystallite size obtained from Scherrer equation is in the range of 21 to 16 nm. An increase in lattice constant from 8.336 to 8.353Å with calcium doping is observed. FTIR spectra indicated typical metal-oxygen bond vibrations with absorption band located near at 600-400 cm–1. Raman spectra revealed significant changes in vibrational modes (T2g(1), Eg, T2g(2), T2g(3) and A1g(1)) due to the calcium doping. Morphological studies using SEM displayed a uniform grain growth with small agglomeration of nanoparticles. Grain size calculated from intercept method was 32.57 nm for bare nickel ferrite and 31.5 nm for Ca doped nickel ferrite (x = 0.10). TEM analysis revealed uniformly shaped nanoparticles, while the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns confirmed the high crystallinity and phase purity of the synthesized samples. The optical absorption characteristics were examined using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Tauc plot analysis yielded band gap values between 1.74 and 1.78 eV. These findings demonstrate that calcium doping markedly influences the structural, vibrational, morphological and optical properties of nickel ferrite nanoparticles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dube Punam B.; Yogesh Uabale, Tukaram Saraf, Dilip Garud, K .M. Jadhav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterization and Biocompatibility Study of Thermally Modified Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles
The hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) followed by comprehensive characterization using XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and cytotoxicity analysis, enabling systematic evaluation of the effects of hydrothermal processing and post-synthesis heat treatment on the structural properties and biological response of HANPs were carried out. In this work, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, and ammonia solution were used as precursors. The synthesized HANPs were subsequently heat-treated at 200 ºC, 300 ºC and 400 ºC, and the treated samples were evaluated for phase composition, structural morphology and cytotoxicity. The synthesized HANPs exhibited a hexagonal crystal structure with an average crystallite size of 24.87 nm and the cytotoxicity results confirmed their biocompatibility. These structural and biological characteristics indicate that HANPs prepared through this method are promising biomaterials for potential biomedical applications, while the synthesis approach remains simple and cost-effective.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amol B. Chavan, SANJAYKUMAR S. GAWADE, PARVEJHA S. MALDAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Sustainable Quality Assessment of Reservoir Water in the Junagadh District of Saurashtra Peninsula, India
Freshwater is an important natural resource for sustaining human life. The study explores the hydrochemical characteristics, water quality status and irrigation suitability of 13 surface-water reservoirs in the Junagadh District of Saurashtra Peninsula, Gujarat state, India, in pre-monsoon 2025. APHA (2017) protocols and standard values of WHO-2017 and BIS-2012/2015 were used throughout the analysis. In water quality index (WQI), 84.62% of the samples fall within the good category and 15.38% within the excellent category for domestic purposes. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the sodium percentage (Na%) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were evaluated for irrigation suitability. In the USSL plot, most samples were in the C2S1 category, indicating low sodium hazard; few show moderate salinity. In Piper diagram, Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3– and Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl– are dominant facies. Rock weathering is a geochemical process primarily identified by the Gibbs diagram. Based on the findings, the surface waters of Junagadh District are suitable for both domestic use and irrigation applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 pratik Chavda, Mukesh P. Chaudhari, Pranav S. Shrivastav, Chintan Somaiya, Hitesh Patel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Structural Characterisation and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidine Derivatives Bearing Phenoxy, Phenylamino and Pyrazolyl Moieties as Potent Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Agents
A new series of pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidine-based heterocycles (HP1-HP10) was synthesised and structurally characterised using FTIR, 1H/13C NMR, HRMS and elemental analysis. The key intermediate, 6-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-8-hydroxy-2-(methylthio)-4-oxo-4H-pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile (HP1), was synthesised via base-catalysed cyclisation of ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-bis(methylthio)-acrylate with 6-amino-2-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)pyrimidin-4-ol. Subsequent nucleophilic substitutions of HP1 afforded phenoxy (HP2-4), phenylamino (HP5-7) and pyrazolo-fused (HP8-10) derivatives. The biological evaluations revealed that the compounds HP3 and HP6 exhibited significant antibacterial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, outperforming the standard drug streptomycin. HP3 also demonstrated the strongest antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans (26 mm), exceeding fluconazole. Cytotoxicity assessed via brine shrimp lethality bioassay showed that HP1 and HP5 possessed the lowest LD50 values (35 µM), suggesting promising bioactivity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis highlighted the importance of electron-donating and halogenated substituents in modulating antimicrobial potency. These findings suggest that the HP1-HP10 scaffold offers a viable platform for further medicinal chemistry development. Molecular docking with AutoDock Vina revealed strong interactions of the tested ligands with the C. albicans protein target. Fluconazole, used as the reference, showed a binding affinity of -7.3 kcal/mol via hydrogen bonds with Thr411 and Glu70, while HP9 demonstrated the highest affinity (-9.3 kcal/mol) through hydrophobic contacts with Phe52, Trp54 and Glu70, followed by HP8 (-9.2 kcal/mol) and HP4 (-9.0 kcal/mol). Several ligands, including HP5, HP10 and HP2, formed multiple hydrogen bonds with active-site residues, while HP6 and HP7 exhibited strong nonpolar interactions. Low RMSD values (0.678 Å) confirmed reliable binding poses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vasant M. Dhumal, Kalimoddin I. Momin, Vishwas G. Mane, Pravin R. Jagtap, Sharad P. Panchgalle, Vijaykumar S. More https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Anti-Inflammatory Drug Leads from Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. (Fabaceae) Through Bibliometric and Computational Approaches
This study integrated a bibliometric technique to chart the landscape of international research on Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. (Fabaceae). To further substantiate the utilisation of C. pulcherrima, in silico analyses was employed to explore prospective phytochemicals found in C. pulcherrima as novel inhibitors of NF-κB p50 subunit, a key mediator of inflammation involved in several debilitating conditions including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, diabetes, cancer and autoimmune disorders. Bibliometric mapping revealed a concentrated global research landscape, led by India and Brazil, with high-impact collaborations centered in Europe. Molecular docking identified bonducellin (9) as a top candidate, exhibiting a superior binding affinity (-3.9 kcal/mol) compared to standard drug dexamethasone (1) (-3.7 kcal/mol). Two other phytochemicals, galactomannan (2) and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (8), inherent in C. pulcherrima also gave promising binding energies. Pharmacokinetic profiling indicated promising drug-likeness and blood-brain barrier penetration for several flavonoids. These results support the traditional anti-inflammatory use of C. pulcherrima and highlight bonducellin as a potential lead molecule for targeted therapeutic development, requiring further experimental and clinical validation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Carmen Tan, Virgilio Linis, Mary Stephanie Carranza, Glenn Oyong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Synthesis, Characterisation and Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities of Palladium-Iridium Bimetallic Nanoparticles using Murraya koenigii Leaf Extract
In this work, palladium and iridium monometallic nanoparticles (MMNPs), along with their bimetallic counterparts (BMNPs) in different ratios 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2, were synthesised using the green-mediated scheme by employing Murraya koenigii leaf extract, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids with known antibacterial and anticancer properties. The consequent nanoparticles were characterised by several techniques including UV-visible absorption (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (TGA, DTA and DTG) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of PdO, IrO2, along with Pd-Ir BMNPs. Further, the antibacterial efficacy of PdO, IrO2 and Pd-Ir nanoparticles was evaluated along with Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Notably, PdO MMNPs exhibited superior antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas with an inhibition zone of ± 9.33 mm at a 50 µg/mL concentration. Moreover, both mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles were assessed for their cytotoxic effects on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, where IrO2 MMNPs demonstrated the most potent anticancer properties, yielding an IC50 value of 236.8 ± 0.12 µg/mL.
Copyright (c) 2026 DEEPA SAINI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Coconut Shell Derived Nanobiochar as High-Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of Congo Red and Malachite Green from Wastewater
This study presents an innovative approach for the efficient removal of Congo red (CR) and malachite green (MG) dyes from wastewater using coconut shell-derived nanobiochar (NBC). The NBC was synthesised via a two-step process involving controlled pyrolysis, KOH activation and ball milling to achieve nanoscale dimensions, thereby enhancing its adsorption performance. The resulting NBC demonstrated exceptional dye removal capabilities, with maximum adsorption capacities of 220 mg g-1 for MG and 140 mg g–1 for CR under optimal conditions. Comprehensive characterisation using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) confirmed the high surface area (400 m2 g–1), negative zeta potential (-30.8 mV) and superior dispersion stability of NBC material, which are essential for efficient dye adsorption. The adsorption kinetics were well-described by the pseudo-second-order model suggesting that chemisorption is the predominant adsorption mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is both spontaneous and endothermic. These findings highlight the potential of NBC as a cost-effective, scalable and sustainable adsorbent for dye-laden wastewater treatment. The study also demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing coconut shell waste as a renewable biomass resource, contributing to environmental remediation while promoting circular economy practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sai Sruthi Vasamsetti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cationic Iron Half-Sandwich Complexes of Aminopyridines: Synthesis and Characterisation
The reaction of [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2]+, with the aminopyridine ligands lead to formation of cationic organometallic complexes of the general formula [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2L]+ (where L = 2-Apy, 3-Apy, 4-Apy and Apy = aminopyridine). These ligands have the ability to coordinate to a metal center in monodentate fashion via the pyridine ring or amine nitrogen atoms, can form chelate complexes with one metal center or bridge two metal ions. Spectroscopic data (FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR and elemental analysis) collected for the five metal complexes is consistent with monodenate coordination mode through the pyridyl nitrogen in complexes 2, 3 and 4 atoms and amine nitrogen in complexes 1 and 4.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kingsley Michieka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Evaluation of SrO-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration
Hydrogels are multifunctional biomaterials widely utilised in biomedical applications owing to their biocompatibility, water retention capabilities and adjustable properties. Nonetheless, their restricted mechanical strength and bioactivity limit their application in bone tissue engineering. Present study focused on the development and evaluation of SrO-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (SrO–HA) integrated into a polyvinyl alcohol/carboxyl methyl chitosan (PVA/CMC) hydrogel matrix to improve mechanical and osteogenic properties. The SrO@HA/PVA/CMC composite hydrogels were synthesised through a freeze-thaw physical crosslinking method and characterised to assess the porosity, swelling behaviour, ion release and biomineralisation, utilizing SEM, EDS and FTIR techniques. The biocompatibility and osteogenic potential were evaluated using rBMSCs via CCK-8 assays, alkaline phosphatase activity measurement and alizarin red staining. The hydrogels exhibited an interconnected porous structure, characterised by improved mechanical stability and sustained release of strontium ions. Elevated concentrations of SrO–HA (2%, 4% and 10%) enhanced biomineralisation and osteogenic differentiation, with the 4% and 10% hydrogels exhibiting superior efficacy. Sustained ion release facilitated rBMSC proliferation, increased ALP activity and resulted in significant extracellular matrix mineralisation. The biomimetic characteristics of SrO–HA, along with the three-dimensional porous structure of the hydrogels, facilitated these effects. The hydrogels facilitated apatite formation upon incubation in simulated body fluid, confirming their biomineralisation potential. The results indicate the possibility of SrO@HA/PVA/CMC composite hydrogels in bone tissue engineering.
Copyright (c) 2026 Balaji PR, Dr, Jayasudha P https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Studies on the Structural, Optical, Photocatalytic and Luminescence Properties of Monodispersed CdS Nanoparticles Capped with Moringa oleifera L. Leaf Extract
This study reports the structural, optical, photocatalytic and luminescence properties of monodispersed cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) synthesised via an eco-friendly green synthesis approach using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a natural stabilizing and capping agent. Cadmium nitrate, cadmium sulphate and cadmium chloride are used as cadmium precursors, while sodium sulphide served as the sulphur source. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of cubic-phase CdS NPs with high crystalline nature. The optical properties are evaluated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, revealing a band gap energy range of 3.08 to 4.92 eV. FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups responsible for stabilisation of CdS NPs. The morphological characteristics, elemental composition and purity are assessed using FESEM and EDS. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) determined the nanoparticle size to be below 5 nm, confirming their nanoscale dimensions. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicate strong emission properties, enhancing their potential use in optoelectronic applications. The photocatalytic activity of CdS NPs is evaluated by degrading methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) dyes under visible light irradiation, demonstrating their efficiency in environmental remediation and wastewater treatment. The results highlight the superior optical, structural and catalytic performance of M. oleifera-capped CdS NPs, making them promising candidates for advanced nanomaterial applications in solar cells, photocatalysis and biomedical fields.
Copyright (c) 2026 Srinivasa Goud Bandaru, Suresh Yathapu, Odelu Gudikandula, Annapurna Sathiraju, Bhikshamaiah G, Singh A.K. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Equilibrium to Emergence: The Physical Foundations of Chemical Order – A Conceptual Framework Linking Thermodynamics, Quantum Mechanics and Systems Chemistry
Chemistry has evolved from empirical pattern recognition to a unified, physics-informed science governed by universal principles. This perspective traces the conceptual progression of chemical thought from Mendeleev’s periodic classification to thermodynamics, quantum mechanics and the emerging systems view of self-organisation and complexity. By dividing this trajectory into four historical phases viz. (i) thermodynamic and kinetic universality, (ii) nonideal solution theory and ionic interactions, (iii) quantum-mechanical interpretation of matter and bonding, and (iv) self-organisation in far-from-equilibrium systems. Each phase contributed to a deeper understanding of matter-energy relationships and strengthened the theoretical foundations of chemistry. Emphasis is placed on the interplay between the macroscopic laws and microscopic models, with recurring themes of order, symmetry and energy flow serving as unifying principles across both equilibrium and non-equilibrium phenomena. This conceptual synthesis illustrates the natural convergence of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and quantum theory, giving rise to systems chemistry and the modern study of emergent behaviour. Beyond its historical narrative, the work asserts that an analysis of chemistry through its evolving paradigms reveals a coherent scientific continuum integrating atomic theory, information and complexity, thereby positioning chemistry as a central discipline for elucidating organisational principles in natural systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Harasit Kumar Mandal Harasit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HR-LCMS based Metabolic Profiling, in vitro Analysis and Computational Insight of Tabernaemontana divaricata Hydroalcoholic Extract: A Multitargeted Approach to Combat Asthma
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) is a prevalent horticultural species in Southeast Asia, also occurring in Australia, tropical Asia and Polynesia shows a diverse range of activities. To explore the molecular mechanisms and targets for prospective and effective therapeutic approaches, molecular docking enables the identification of the most promising targets in asthma. The present study investigates the multitargeted anti-asthmatic potential of phytocompounds isolated from T. divaricata by docking analysis. The hydroalcoholic extract of T. divaricata (TDHE) was obtained using the Soxhlet extraction and analysed for antiasthmatic activity. Chemical profiling of the extract was carried out using HR LC-MS/MS, which revealed the presence of 19 distinct phytocompounds. All the isolated 19 phytocompounds were docked against prime modulators in asthma such as histamine H1 (PDB: 3RZE), human interleukin-6 (PDB: 1ALU), IL4-IL4R-IL13Ra ternary complex (PDB: 3BPN), IL-25-IL-17RB-IL-17RA ternary complex (PDB: 7UWL), as well as IL-13 (PDB: 5KNH) receptors. The results demonstrated that TDHE possesses significant antiasthmatic potential, primarily through anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic mechanisms. Among the screened phytocompounds, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, 8-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one and selaginpulvilin T exhibited strong binding affinities across all targeted receptors. In addition, ADMET profiling of the identified compounds supported their favourable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. This study highlights the medicinal potential of T. divaricata phytocompounds as alternative or adjunctive therapeutic agents for asthma, offering a multitargeted strategy to modulate immune responses and alleviate disease symptoms. Future investigations should focus on clinical evaluation of the isolated phytocompounds to validate their efficacy and safety in asthma management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uma Mali, Rita Charde https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study on Adsorption Efficiency of Low-Cost Hemp Seed Oil Cake (Cannabis sativa L.) as Adsorbent for the Removal of Reactive Black 5 Dye from Aqueous Solution
Driven by the need for sustainable and economical water treatment solutions, this study explores the use of agricultural byproduct adsorbents, specifically hemp seed oil cake (HSOC), for the removal of reactive black 5 (RB5) dye. Batch experiments identified the ideal conditions for the adsorption process, resulting in a maximum removal efficiency of 99.94%. The process, identified as spontaneous and exothermic through thermodynamic analysis, was most effective under the following conditions: an initial RB5 dye concentration of 10 mg/L, 1.5 g of HSOC adsorbent, a pH of 4 (acidic condition), 45 min of contact time, 100 rpm agitation and a temperature of 50 ºC. These results collectively affirm HSOC’s promise as a highly efficient, bio-based material for the remediation of dye-contaminated water.
Copyright (c) 2026 Türkan Börklü Budak, Ms. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GC-MS Profiling of Phytocompounds in White Pumpkin Seed Extract, Pharmacokinetic and Toxicity Properties by ADME/Tox Analysis
White pumpkin (Benincasa hispida) seeds contain diverse phytocompounds with medicinal relevance. This study profiled metabolites in the methanolic seed extract by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and assessed pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using in silico ADME/Tox tools. Twenty-one phytocompounds were identified, conquered by fatty-acid esters and phytosterols; the most abundant were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (20.9%) and γ-sitosterol (14.0%). Predicted drug-likeness and oral developability were generally favourable for the fatty-acid esters (high gastrointestinal absorption, limited safety liabilities), whereas sterols showed lower gastrointestinal absorption but acceptable toxicity signals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranganathan T, Balaji Raju https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis, X-Ray Diffraction, DFT and Antibacterial Studies of Naphthalenyl-hydrazinyl- and Quinazolinyl-thiazole Derivatives
Naphthalenyl-hydrazinecarbothioamides 2, obtained from reaction of 1-tetralones (1) and thiosemicarbazide, on condensation with ethyl bromopyruvate under ultrasonic conditions furnished thiazole-4-carboxylates (3). Ultrasound assisted synthesis of quinazoline-thiazole hybrids 5 was achieved from reaction of quinazolinyl-thiones (4) with 3-chloropentane-2,4-dione. The structural elucidation of novel compounds was determined with the help of spectral techniques. X-ray crystallographic studies (SCXRD) of single crystal of thiazole-4-carboxtylate 3a along with supramolecular interactions in crystal packing were also reported. In silico studies of regioisomers 5 and 6 were computed to correlate the experimental and theoretical spectral data. Compound 5a has shown good activity against S. aureus (MIC 25 µg/mL) and E. coli (50 µg/mL) bacterial strains.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ram Pal Chaudhary, Swati Goswami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and Structural Characterization of (-)-Epicatechin from Cassia fistula L. Seeds: In Silico Docking and ADMET Profiling for the Evaluation of Antiepileptic Potential Targeting GABAA Receptor
The current experimental study is concerned with the isolation of epicatechin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, from the seed of Cassia fistula L and to investigate the biological potential by executing molecular docking studies against the GABAA receptor, a crucial target in neuropharmacology that moderates the signaling in the central nervous system (CNS). The physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of epicatechin were evaluated; validate its drug-like characteristics and support its potential as therapeutic agent against CNS related disorders. Molecular docking analysis revealed a favourable interaction between epicatechin and the GABAA receptor, suggesting its potential as a selective therapeutic candidate. The calculated binding affinity of epicatechin (-5.204 kcal/mol) was stronger than that of the reference ligand diazepam (-4.216 kcal/mol), indicating a comparatively more stable ligand–receptor complex. These findings imply that epicatechin may effectively modulate the GABAergic pathway through energetically favourable binding interactions within the receptor’s active site and exhibit significant antiepileptic efficacy. This experimental approach incorporates traditional isolation and purification methods with computational drug target techniques, which come up with new insights into the pharmaceutical potential of Cassia fistula L.
Copyright (c) 2026 VIJAYAVILAS SATHYAN SANGEETHA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Characterisation of Micronutrient Based Copper Alginate and Ferric Alginate Beads for Agricultural Applications
The excessive use of chemical fertilizers has caused major environmental issues, emphasizing the need for sustainable nutrient delivery systems. In this work, copper and ferric alginate beads were synthesised using the ionotropic gelation method and analysed through UV-DRS, FTIR, FE-SEM, TGA, DSC and AAS techniques. The results showed that Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions had been successfully added. The copper beads had porous surfaces and the ferric beads had solid structures. Thermal studies showed that the material was more stable and AAS measured the metal contents at 18.2% Cu and 14.6% Fe. Pot experiments on black gram (Vigna mungo L.) showed that ferric alginate beads significant improved plant height (26.5 cm), pod number (32) and seed yield (6.82 g) compared to copper beads. Ferric beads also helped the roots grow better (8.8 cm, 0.75 g dry weight). Based on studies, ferric alginate beads demonstrate strong potential as eco-friendly slow-release fertilizers, while copper alginate beads provide comparatively moderate performance in supporting nutrient release.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohanambal Joyal, Andal Perumal, Anbarasu Mariyappillai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Ethanolic Extract of Black Fruit (Haplolobus sp.) Leaves and Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Mixture as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agents
This study investigated the mixture system comprising an ethanolic extract of black fruit (Haplolobus sp.) leaves and chitosan-tripolyphosphate (TPP), hereinafter called extract-chitosan-TPP mixture (ECTM), with a focus on its an antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The solution was prepared by adding the extract to the chitosan solution followed by the addition of TPP and then subsequent sonication. The resulting ECTM was centrifuged and then its encapsulation efficiency was determined based on the phenolic content using gallic acid method. The results showed that the ECTM particle size ranged from 190.7 to 496.8 nm with a polydispersity index of less than 0.5, which indicated that the suspension was homogeneous. The statistical results based on Taguchi method showed that the smallest possible size was 187.08 nm at a chitosan:TPP ratio of 0.2, extract concentration of 15% and ultrasonic time of 10 min. Encapsulation efficiency ranged from 75.45-80.43%. The antioxidant activity, expressed as IC50 values, ranged from 0.54 to 25.77, while the antibacterial activity was highest for sample E, showing inhibition of 15.63% against Staphylococcus aureus and 14.70% against Escherichia coli, relative to the antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol.
Copyright (c) 2026 Murtihapsari Murtihapsari, Agnes Dyah Novitasari Lestari, Antoni Ungirwalu, Evelina Somar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Probing the Effect of Adulterants on the UV-Visible Absorption Behaviour of Fruit Extracts
The effect of adulterants on the UV-visible absorption behaviour of pomegranate and orange fruit extracts has been investigated. It was observed that adulterated fruit extracts exhibited significant changes in their peak absorption wavelengths and intensities. The intensity of the characteristic absorption peak of the pomegranate extract was observed to increase almost linearly with the mixing proportion of apple extract. However, the two characteristic absorption peaks of pomegranate exhibited opposite trend: the peak at lower (higher) wavelength side was increased (decreased) on increasing the mixing proportion of apple extract. The orange extract when adulterated by the extract of sweet lime, the change in its UV-visible profile was appeared weaker in comparison to that of pomegranate and apple mixtures. Prominently, the UV-visible absorption-based distinction has been observed to be significantly affected by the proportions of water content present in the fruit extracts. On changing the concentration of water content, remarkable changes in the intensity/peak positions of UV-visible absorption of fruit extracts were observed. The present results would be helpful in the estimation of adulteration in the edible horticultural extracts for quality assessments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yogita Sagar, Dharmendra Singh, Amit Chaudhary, Ajay Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emerging Approaches in Membrane Preparation from Phase Separation to 3D Printing: A Mini Review
Membrane technologies are receiving increasing attention as effective solutions to global challenges such as water treatment, energy efficiency and environmental protection. This mini-review summarizes advances in polymeric materials and membrane fabrication methods. A wide variety of polymeric and non-polymeric materials, ranging from natural clays to synthetic polymers like polysulfone, are used to fabricate membranes for applications including reverse osmosis and ceramic separations. Fabrication techniques such as non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS), thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), vapour-induced phase separation (VIPS), and liquid-induced phase separation (LIPS) enable the production of microporous membranes, while electrospinning is employed to create ultrathin fibrous structures. In addition, emerging 3D printing technologies allow precise control over membrane architecture, including pore size and porosity, supporting the development of next-generation membrane systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chitrakara Hegde, Ms., Mrs https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design, X-Ray Diffraction and in silico Analysis of Schiff Base Targeting HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Bacterial DNA Gyrase
A green, catalyst-free synthesis yielded a new Schiff base, (E)-2-(((4-chlorophenyl)imino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol, as orange single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallised in an orthorhombic lattice (space group P212121), with a robust framework stabilised by intramolecular O–H···N hydrogen bonding and extended C–H···O/Cl contacts. Molecular docking revealed strong affinities toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (-8.4 kcal/mol) and bacterial DNA gyrase B (-7.1 kcal/mol), dominated by π–π stacking and hydrophobic interactions. Remarkably, even at low concentrations (50 µg mL–1), the Schiff base displayed significant antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (11.35 ± 0.21 mm) and Escherichia coli (13.35 ± 0.21 mm), with higher inhibition zones than gentamicin at elevated doses. Its high gastrointestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier permeability and low predicted toxicity further endorse its drug-likeness. The combination of crystal stability, low-dose antibacterial efficiency and favourable docking profile identifies this Schiff base as a structurally and pharmacologically valuable scaffold for multifunctional antimicrobial development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pradeepalakshmi Mathiazhagan, Valarmathy Govindaraj, Subramanian Ramasamy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth and Physico-chemical Characterisation of Novel Glycine-Ammonium Bicarbonate Crystal
At room temperature, a semi-organic single crystal of glycine coupled with ammonium bicarbonate (GABIC) was developed using a standard approach. Spectroscopic examination confirmed its composition and X-ray diffraction revealed a monoclinic structure. FT-IR spectroscopy identified functional groups, whereas UV-visible and fluorescence spectra exhibited the optical and electrical properties, including an optical band gap of 4.49 eV. Several optical metrics were measured, including the extinction coefficient and reflectance. Vickers microhardness tests validated its classification as a soft material and mechanical parameters such as hardness number and fracture toughness were measured. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyse surface morphology and dielectric measurements were also measured. The laser-induced damage threshold of the GABIC crystal was evaluated using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, demonstrating its ability to withstand high optical intensities. Nonlinear optical analysis conducted through the open-aperture Z-scan technique yielded a nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) of 0.95 × 1010 m W–1, confirming the strong potential of GABIC for optical limiting applications. The incorporation of glycine significantly influenced the spectral response of crystal, enhanced its optical transparency and improved its mechanical stability, thereby contributing to its multifunctional performance in advanced photonic and optoelectronic systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 AJITH A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Validation of Sensitive, Specific and Stability-Indicating LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Metformin and Becalutamide in Human Plasma
Metformin, an oral anti-hyperglycaemic drug belongs to the biguanide class and is traditionally known as an insulin sensitizer which lowers the blood glucose levels by activating AMPK (adenosine monophosphate protein kinase). Metformin has shown anti-neoplastic effects in various tumour models, including prostate, ovarian, breast, colorectal and endometrial cancers, by activating AMPK, which in turn blocks the mTOR/S6 kinase pathway and inhibits insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-mediated cellular proliferation. Bicalutamide, is a non-steroidal anti-androgen class agent, binds to androgen receptors, thus blocking the effects of androgenic hormones such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Previous reports on in vivo and in vitro studies suggests the combination of metformin and biclutamide dramatically decreases prostate cancer cell proliferation more than either drug alone. This work was undertaken to examine the effect of metformin on bicalutamide pharmacokinetic parameters, which may further aid in dose adjustment when administered concurrently to treat prostate cancer. So, for the simultaneous quantitation of metformin and becalutamide in spiked human plasma by LC-MS/MS method was used. The preconcentration of the analyte was done using Protein precipitation using acetonitrile. Separations were done on Agilent 1290 infinity II LC system paired with an Agilent 6470 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with positive and negative ionization modes. The mobile phase comprised 0.1% acetic acid in MilliQ water as solvent A and 100% methanol as solvent B with gradient flow at 0. 6 mL/min. column, column oven and degasser with a Zorbax Eclipse plus C8 column (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5 µm) was utilized. The retention times for metformin, bicalutamide and the IS (propranolol and tolbutamide) were 3.6 min, 4.7 min, 5.9 min and 6.1 min, respectively. For the samples, subsequent Q1/Q3 transitions: bicalutamide, ESI– m/z 427.2 > 184.5 (10 eV); metformin, ESI+ m/z 130.10 > 60.2 (12 eV); tolbutamide, ESI– m/z 269.09 > 170 (16 eV); and propranolol, ESI+ m/z 260.2 > 183.0 (32 eV). Data acquisition and instrument control were operated with Mass Hunter workstation (version 10.1). The established method was validated by following USFDA bioanalytical guidelines, Linear regression equations for metformin and biclutamide were 0.0822x + 0.00848 and 0.09588 x + 0.02635, respectively, with (1/x) weighting factor, the regression coefficients for metformin and biclutamide are 0.9963 and 0.9971, respectively. Mean extraction recoveries for metformin was 85.04% and for biclutamide was 86.23% all QCs. Solifenacin’s stability in plasma was confirmed through rigorous testing, including bench-top exposure (17 h), injector residence, six freeze-defrost cycles and long-term storage at –20 ± 5 ºC for over 7 days. The compound exhibited consistent integrity under all conditions. The analytical method underwent full validation and met qualification standards, supporting its reliability for routine bioanalysis and pharmacokinetic profiling in biological matrices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Parimala Kolli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Studies of Antioxidant Activities of Herbal Formulation of Curcuma longa L. and Cannabis sativa L. Plant Extracts: A Phytochemical Approach
The present study investigates the comparative antioxidant potential of Curcuma longa L. and Cannabis sativa L. extracts, individually and in combination, with the aim of developing novel herbal formulations. Multiple extraction techniques were employed for C. longa, including aqueous, heated, ethanol and Soxhlet methods, while C. sativa extracts were obtained via hydro-distillation of essential oil and cold pressing of hemp seed oil. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, curcuminoids, terpenoids, cannabinoids and fatty acids, which are known contributors to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Characterization using UV-vis, TLC, HPLC, FTIR and GC-MS validated the presence of key functional groups and bioactive metabolites. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with ascorbic acid serving as the standard (IC50 = 12.68 µg/mL). Results indicated that C. longa ethanolic extract exhibited strong radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 21.01 µg/mL; 85.2% inhibition at 320 µg/mL), whereas C. sativa hemp seed oil showed weak activity (maximum 10.01% inhibition at 320 mg/mL; IC50 > 320 µg/mL) and essential oil demonstrated moderate potential. Importantly, the combined formulation of C. longa ethanolic extract with C. sativa essential oil displayed significantly enhanced antioxidant capacity (up to 85.2% scavenging at 100 µg/mL with an IC50 of 45.6 µg/mL), suggesting synergistic interactions among phytoconstituents. GC-MS profiling further revealed that C. longa ethanolic extract was rich in dehydrozingerone (35.82%), turmerones (18.29%) and curlone (8.60%), whereas hemp seed oil was dominated by linoleic acid (56.11%), α-linolenic acid (17.02%) and oleic acid (13.64%), reflecting a complementary balance of phenolic antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings emphasize the chemical and biological complementarity of turmeric and cannabis, supporting their integration in polyherbal formulations aimed at mitigating oxidative stress. The study highlights the potential of turmeric–cannabis combinations as natural alternatives for antioxidant therapy, providing a basis for further pharmacological and nutraceutical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumitra Pandey, A.K. Sarkar, Ritu Chauhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biogenic Synthesis and Characterization of Ag-Zn-CuO Nanoparticles using Peels of Citrus limetta: Evaluation of Dyes Degradation and Antibacterial Activity
The synthesis of green nanomaterials by sustainable routes is gaining more attention as they hold potential for catalysis, environmental clean-up and biomedical applications. Herein, Ag-Zn-CuO trimetallic nanoparticles were green synthesised using Citrus limetta (mosambi) peel extract as a bioreducing and stabilizing agent. Phytoconstituents such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were present in the peels and help to reduce metal ions and shows capping properties. The formation of nanoparticles was reflected by a clear colour change and further established through UV-Vis spectroscopy, which showed typical SPR absorption bands at 388 nm (Ag), 324 nm (Zn) and 284 nm (CuO). Morphological investigation through FE-SEM reflected uniformly dispersed nanoparticles with irregular surface morphology and EDS ensured their trimetallic nature (84.73 wt.% Ag, 3.06 wt.% Zn, 12.21 wt.% Cu). XRD analysis confirmed crystalline structure by diffraction peaks for fcc Ag (111, 113), Zn (101) and CuO (-113) with crystallite size of 16.15 nm on average as calculated from Scherrer’s equation. Zeta potential analysis showed a mean value of -16.6 mV and thus moderate electrostatic repulsion to prevent aggregation and promote colloidal stability. Further catalytic application, in the presence of NaBH4, nanoparticles degraded methyl red dye (78.69%) and Congo red dye (73.82%) in 180 min. Antibacterial activity exhibited strong inhibitory activity against E. coli (20 mm at 24 mg/mL). Biosynthesised Ag-Zn-CuO trimetallic nanoparticles possess effective dye degradation and antibacterial action, indicating their promise for usage in catalysis, environmental decontamination and biomedical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 MadhuKriti, Arpita Roy, Sarvesh Rustagi, Vaseem Raja, Swetha Raj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Characterisation of Critical Impurities in Ampicillin Trihydrate: N-Formyl Ampicilloic Acid and D-Phenylglycylampicillin
The current research work elucidates the identification, synthesis and characterisation of two critical impurities of ampicillin trihydrate, designated as N-formyl ampicilloic acid and D-phenylglycylampicillin (European Pharmacopoeia impurity I). The formation of N-formyl ampicilloic acid results from the cross-contamination of ampicillin trihydrate with residual formic acid, whereas D-phenylglycylampicillin arises through the amidation of amino group in the side chain of ampicillin trihydrate with D-phenylglycine methylester. These impurities substantially affect the overall quality of the ampicillin trihydrate API; therefore, their identification and control are critical. This work holds significant value for the generic pharmaceutical industry, as an efficient synthetic route for these impurities has been established using readily accessible starting materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 L Hanmanth Rao, MOGILI PADMA, ABHISHEK SHANKAR SAXENA, SRINU KARNATI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0