Asian Journal of Chemistry, a Multidisciplinary Chemistry Journal is a Peer Reviewed International Journal publishes from India. ISSN: 0975-427X (Online) |ISSN: 0970-7077 (Print) |CODEN: AJCHEW Prof. (Dr.) R. K. AGARWAL Editor-in-Chief Dr. HIMANSHU AGARWAL Executive Editor Prof. Neeraj Kumar Fuloria Associate Editor
Design and Synthesis of Novel Hydrazone-Linked 1,2,3-Triazole-Pyrazole Derivatives: In vitro Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial and Molecular Docking Studies
A series of novel hydrazone-linked 1,2,3-triazole-pyrazole derivatives (7a-l) were rationally designed and synthesised through an efficient multistep synthetic strategy. The key intermediates were constructed via diazotisation–azidation followed by cycloaddition to generate the 1,2,3-triazole core, which was further functionalised to afford the target hydrazone derivatives. Final compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Antiproliferative screening against selected human cancer cell lines revealed that compounds bearing electron-withdrawing substituents exhibited superior cytotoxicity compared to electron-donating analogues. Among the synthesised derivatives, 7d (p-Cl) and 7c (p-NO2) exhibited the lowest IC50 values against the MCF-7 cell line (0.10 and 0.55 µM, respectively), comparable to doxorubicin (0.92 µM) under the same conditions. In antibacterial assays, halogen and fluoro-substituted derivatives demonstrated comparatively improved activity, with compounds 7b, 7d, 7i and 7k showing notable potency. Antifungal evaluation revealed that nitro-, fluoro- and methoxy-substituted analogues, particularly 7c, 7e and 7f, displayed enhanced activity against the tested strains. Molecular docking studies suggested favourable binding interactions with selected biological targets. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that hydrazone-linked 1,2,3-triazole-pyrazole hybrids act as promising scaffolds for further optimisation toward anticancer and antimicrobial applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Potharaju Sunil Kumar, Rambabu Bhukya, Chandulal Bhukya, Nampally Rajitha, Goli J. Rupasree, Nalaparaju Nagaraju, Ramchander Jadhav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Design and Characterisation of Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanogel Sponges for Controlled Glutathione Release and Wound Healing
The development of sustainable, bio-based polymeric materials with controlled release functionality is of growing interest for advanced wound-healing applications. In this study, a hyaluronic acid (HA) based nanogel sponge scaffold incorporating glutathione (GSH) loaded chitosan nanogels was rationally designed using ionic gelation followed by freeze-drying. This green and mild fabrication strategy enabled the stabilisation of the redox-active thiol functionality of GSH while generating a hierarchically porous HA sponge architecture. Comprehensive physico-chemical characterisation using UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry, zeta potential analysis, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirmed successful molecular integration, preservation of functional groups, nanoscale uniformity, interconnected porosity and satisfactory thermal and colloidal stability. The scaffold exhibited a controlled, diffusion-driven swelling profile, supporting sustained moisture retention under simulated wound conditions. In vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of bovine serum albumin and egg albumin denaturation, along with significant red blood cell membrane stabilisation, with higher concentrations approaching the activity of the reference drug. These findings demonstrate that HA-GSH nanogel sponges represent a sustainably engineered, redox-responsive polymer system capable of providing structural support, controlled molecular release and anti-inflammatory functionality. This study contributes to the advancement of bio-based polysaccharide materials and green nanogel synthesis related to health, responsible production and materials innovation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sneha Panneerselvam, Safiq Hussain Jahir, Lisha Kumar, Kiruthika Ganesan, Renukadevi Jeyavelkumaran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structural, Optical, Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Properties of Hydrothermally Synthesised CuO–WO3 Heterojunction Nanocomposite
Nanostructured pure CuO and CuO-WO3 heterojunction composites were synthesised using a hydrothermal technique. The materials were analysed by XRD, SEM, TEM, AFM, EDX and FTIR to determine their physico-chemical properties. Monoclinic crystal structure and heterojunction composite that developed between the synthesised CuO and WO3 are indicated. The photocatalytic activity was investigated via the degradation of methylene blue under visible light, where the CuO–WO3 nanocomposite exhibited higher photocatalytic activity compared to the unmodified nanostructured CuO. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the composite material is attributed to the suppressed recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs under visible-light irradiation and the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) facilitated by the presence of WO3. The antibacterial performance of the prepared materials was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In comparison to unmodified CuO, the CuO–WO3 nanocomposite demonstrated superior antibacterial activity due to better surface deposition and ROS-mediated bacterial cell membrane destruction, which was attributed to the interaction of the generated ROS with the cell membranes of bacteria. The enhanced performance is attributed to improved interfacial charge transfer, heterojunction-induced carrier separation and increased surface-active sites. The CuO–WO3 system demonstrates the significance of interfacial engineering and phase coupling in tailoring functional properties. These findings highlight the potential of such oxide-based composites as multifunctional agents for advanced environmental and antimicrobial applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajendra Prasad Jakkula, Domala Suresh, Srinivasa Rao Konda, Ramyashree Raghavapuram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation, Characterisation and in silico Studies of Bioactive Terpenoid and Flavonoid from the Seeds of Mucuna pruriens
In this work, new bioactive terpenoids (1-2) and flavonoid (3) have been isolated from the chloroform extract of the seeds of Mucuna pruriens. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic analysis. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of these compounds have been studied. Compound 2 showed the highest inhibition value (16.0 ± 0.5 mm) against S. aureus and (19.3 ± 0.6 mm) against B. subtilis. Compound 2 also exhibited significant antifungal activities with inhibition value (16.0 ± 0.6) mm and (6.0 ± 1.0) mm against T. harzianum and A. niger, respectively. Molecular docking studies and ADME prediction of the compounds were performed. Compound 2 showed good binding affinity ranging between -7.5 to -7.6 kcal/mol with targeted receptors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranajit Kumar Sutradhar, Pair Ahmed, Md. Sakhaoyat Hossain, Md. Nazrul Islam, Md. Emdad Hossain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Screening and FTIR Characterisation of Ultrasonic Assisted Methanolic Extract of Chlorococcum humicola: Evaluation of its Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities
This study investigates the phytochemical composition and evaluates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of an ultrasonic-assisted methanolic extract (UAME) obtained from the double mutant Chlorococcum humicola MCH4 cultivated in ultrasonically pretreated municipal wastewater (UPMWW). Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed a broader spectrum of bioactive compounds in the mutant strain compared with the wild strain C. humicola KMS2, in which glycosides, tannins and phytosterols were absent. Quantitative analysis showed high total phenolic content (59.47 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoid content (62.47 ± 0.12 mg QE/g DW) and total carotenoids (4.11 mg/g), confirming the enriched phytochemical profile of C. humicola MCH4. Based on these results, the UAME of the mutant strain was selected for further biological evaluation. The extract exhibited notable radical-scavenging activity in DPPH and ABTS assays with IC50 values of approximately 50 µg/mL. In vitro anti-inflammatory assays demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of albumin denaturation (IC50 ≈ 59.4 µg/mL), proteinase activity (IC50 ≈ 57.0 µg/mL) and lipoxygenase activity (IC50 ≈ 55.2 µg/mL), indicating promising preliminary activity. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl and aliphatic functional groups associated with phenolics, proteins, lipids, carotenoids and carbohydrates. The results indicate that the double mutant C. humicola MCH4 cultivated in UPMWW serves as a sustainable and promising source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical fields.
Copyright (c) 2026 E. Vanitha, K. Dhandayuthapani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical and Trace Metal Analysis of Agave Leaves Used in Cosmetics from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
The global preference for natural, bioactive cosmetics has increased interest in plant-based ingredients rich in phytochemicals and essential trace minerals. This study examined the phytochemical composition and trace metal content of Agave angustifolia (AA) and Agave sisalana (AS) leaves from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to evaluate their potential as raw materials for cosmetics. Methanolic leaf extracts were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively for phytochemical components using UV-visible spectrophotometry, while functional groups were characterised by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (Agilent Cary 630 FTIR). Trace metal levels were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer NexION® 350 X ICP-MS). Qualitative screening confirmed the presence of key phytochemical classes, including flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds. Quantitative tests showed high levels of phenolics (AA: 771 ppm; AS: 691 ppm), flavonoids (AA: 1280 ppm; AS: 1895 ppm) and tannins (AA: 1378 ppm; AS: 1963 ppm), indicating strong antioxidant potential. Low ascorbic acid levels (0.09-0.13 ppm) suggest limited vitamin C contribution. The high phenolic and flavonoid contents imply the extracts possess significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making them suitable for formulations targeting photoageing, irritation and acne-prone skin. ICP-MS analysis identified eleven trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn), including essential micronutrients (Zn, Cu and Se), which support collagen synthesis, wound healing and antioxidant defence. The analysis also identified skin sensitizers such as Co and Cr, along with toxic elements like Cd and As, though their levels remained within regulatory limits. However, Pb and Ni were found to slightly exceed the permissible limits set by the European Union and Health Canada. These findings highlight the phytochemical richness and mineral diversity of A. angustifolia and A. sisalana, supporting their potential as multifunctional bioactive ingredients in natural cosmetic formulations, provided they are carefully sourced and refined under safety standards.
Copyright (c) 2026 Matthew C. Achilonu, Ntombikayise G. Mkhize, S’busiso M. Nkosi, Xolile V. Ngubane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Measurements of L1 and L2 Subshell Fluorescence Yields for Dy at 22.6 keV Incident Photon Energy
The L1 and L2 subshell fluorescence yields have been deduced from the measured cross sections for production of Ll, Lα, Lβ1,4, Lβ3,6, Lβ2,15,9,10,7, Lγ1,5 and Lγ2,3,4 x-rays of Dy66 at 22.6 keV incident photon energy. These measurements were performed using a sealed point (3mm φ) radioactive source of Cd109 (20 mCi) as a photon source and Peltier cooled x-ray detector arranged in reflection geometry. The present deduced values of fluorescence yields are compared with the DHS model based theoretical values, the semi-empirical values, and those recommended by Campbell.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Li(i=1-3) sub-shell X-ray Relative Intensities for some Elements
The intensity ratios, ILk / ILα1 (k = l,η,α2 ,β1,β2,15 ,β3 ,β4 ,β5,7 ,β6 ,β9,10 ,γ1,5 ,γ6,8 ,γ2,3 ,γ4 ) have been evaluated for some elements with 36≤Z≤92 at incident photon energies ranging EL1 < Einc ≤ 200 keV using currently considered to be more reliable theoretical data sets of different physical parameters, namely, the RHFS model based Li(i=1-3) sub-shell photoionisation cross sections, the DF model based X-ray emission rates and the DHS model based fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yields. The important features pertaining to dependence of the calculated intensity ratios on the incident photon energy and atomic number (Z) have been discussed.
Abnormal reversal of V/R ratio of Hα line in the shell star HD 142983
In this communication we report the spectroscopic observations of Hα line profiles of HD 142983. The star showed very interesting behavior at Hα line. The Hα line was found to be strongly in emission displaying two emission peaks. The V emission component of the line was found to be much stronger than the R emission component.We have also collected other available data on Hα line from the literature to explore the variation of this line. Our data combined with others exhibited very interesting behavior. During the year 2001 the V component was smaller than the R component (i.e. V/R<1); during 2003 the V and R components became almost equal (i.e. V/R~1) and during 2004 the V component became larger than the R component (i.e. V/R>1). Our present investigation shows that during the period 2001-2007, this star underwent an abnormal reversal of V/R ratio. From the line profiles we have measured the important parameters like: equivalent width (W), Ip/Ic ratio and V/R ratio.
A Gamma Scattering Technique for Inspecting Density Variation
Compton scattering, strongly depends on the electron density of the scattering medium (and in turn its mass density), is a viable tool for inspecting material. The aim of the present work is to investigate the feasibility of using gamma-ray scattering to inspect density variation in any object. A well collimated beam of 662 keV gamma-rays from 137Cs radioactive source has been used to extract the information of density variation for interior of sample by recording spectra with NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The results confirm that experimental resolution for density variation in the inspected object is quite good.
Investigation of Electron Capture after- Effects and Environmental Changes in some Barium Compounds with 133Ba Nuclear Probe
Perturbed angular correlation parameters in various compounds of barium are measured to investigate influences of chemical and physio-chemical environments in the K-capture decay of 133Ba to 133Cs. It is found that the correlation coefficients of 356-81 keV cascade are attenuated purely as a matter of half-life (T1/2 = 6.36 ns) of 81 keV intermediate state and the electric field gradients available at the probe site. The results are a step forward to establish insignificance of after-affects preceding K-capture and K-conversion.
Depth Dependence Radon Study in Indian Tube-Wells
Radon a radioactive gas arising from decay of 226Ra, has been recognized to be one of the major contributors to the natural radiation. In the present investigations, measurements of radon and its progeny were carried out under ground in Indian tube-wells at different depths situated at A.M.U., Aligarh (U.P) India. The twin chamber dosimeter cups were fixed for exposure at a depth of 5 to 35 feet with difference of 5 feet from the surface at three different locations. After exposure, the detectors were retrieved, etched and analyzed in the laboratory for the calculation of radon and its progeny. All the values of the radon concentration presents in this paper are higher than the action level (200-600 Bq.m-3) as recommended by ICRP.
Comparative Evaluation of UV / Solar Light Induced Photode gradation of Azo Dye in Aqueous Solutions
In present study, photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 (AO7), an anionic dye has been investigated in a batch reactor using titania P-25 (surface area: 50 m2/g) as a photocatalyst under UV/Solar light in slurry mode. The variables studied include catalyst dose, solution pH and dye concentration. The degradation rate of AO7 was favorable at pH 2. Optimum value of catalyst dose was found to be 1g/l. The disappearance of AO7 obeyed first order kinetics and the value of the rate constant k was 1.1 X 10-4 S-1. COD analysis revealed the mineralization of AO7 on TiO2 surface. The complete degradation of AO7 was achieved in 15 h under UV irradiation, whereas under solar light, AO7 was degraded completely in 55 minutes only.
Study of CK Enhancement Factors for Oxygen Induced L Subshell X-rays in Lanthanum Series (58 ≤ Z ≤ 70)
CK Enhancement Factor (kα,l, kβ and kγ) has been studied for Lanthanum series (58 ≤ Z ≤ 70) with oxygen as projectile in the energy range of 1.5 - 3.5 MeV. It is observed that by changing projectile energy, there is a change in enhancement factor for all the elements. While studying the variation of enhancement factor with atomic number (Z) and the energy of projectile element, it is found that there is an irregular trend in the variation of enhancement factor. The maximum value of enhancement factor is 2.3126 in Nd (Z=60) at 1.5 MeV energy. In all the elements there is a decrease in the enhancement factor with increase in energy of projectile. The value of kα,l enhancement factor is found to be maximum in all cases followed by kβ and kγ.
Study of Neutron Induced Modification on Optical Band Gap of CR-39 Polymeric Detector
Neutron- irradiation effects on optical absorption of solid-state nuclear track detector, CR-39 was studied for the various fluences ranging from 2.38x106 to 2.7x108 n/cm2 by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The optical absorption spectra in the wavelength range of 200-700nm were recorded for the pristine and the neutron irradiated samples in the above fluence range. The UV-visible spectra shows a shift in the absorbance edge towards the higher wavelength, which can be correlated to the transition involved in the CR-39 polymer and variation in the band gaps (Eg) using Tauc’s expression. Both the indirect and direct band gap in pristine and neutron irradiated CR-39 have been studied, it is interesting to note that the values of indirect band gap found to be lower then the corresponding values of the direct band gap. Indirect and direct bandgap of pristine and exposed CR-39 was found increasing with increasing fluences. However values of the indirect band gap found lower than that of direct band gap. A decrease in the optical energy gap with increasing fluence can be discussed on the basis of neutron-irradiation defects in CR-39 and the numbers of carbon atoms in a cluster were determined from UV-visible spectra of the neutron irradiated samples, using Tauc’s expression.
Indoor Radiation Levels Enhanced by Underground Radon Diffusion
The indoor radiation exposure to humans is mainly due to radioactive radon gas and emissions from building construction materials. Its transport mechanism therefore calls for innovative investigations. There are three main factors of radon entrance in to a building environment are: a) Emission of radon from building materials used in construction b) By convection through cracks and openings in the building and c) Diffusion from soil through pore space of construction materials. The transport phenomenon of radon through diffusion is a significant contributor to indoor radon entry. The diffusion of radon in dwellings is a process mainly determined by the radon concentration gradient across the building material structure between the radon source and the surrounding air. Keeping this in mind the radon diffusion studies have been made through soil, brick powder and cement. Simultaneously the indoor radon levels have been measured in dwellings with cemented, bricks and soil flooring.
Activity Measurements and Dependence of Radon Exhalation Rate on Physical Sample Parameters in Soil Samples
The measurements of radon concentration and exhalation rates usually consist of measurements of radon contents in an emanation chamber (can) containing a certain sample of material under investigation as a function of radon growth time. The procedure seems to be simple. However, results of radon exhalation rates measurement of the same investigated material strongly depend on physical sample parameters and that is why the results from different laboratories usually differ. In the present paper, we have reported on some factors such as sample mass and sample granulation on the radon exhalation rate measurements. To investigate the effect of above mentioned factors, we have used can technique.
Empirical Relations for Matrix Effects in Synthetic Thick Samples Comprising Low Z Elements
In x-ray fluorescence, matrix effects disturb the proportionality between characteristic x-ray intensity of an element and its amount in the sample. To find relations for matrix effects of thick samples comprising low Z elements, the absorption term1 for selective analyte ‘a’ x-rays and enhancement term1 for analyte ‘c’ x-rays in the presence of enhancer a in the sample are experimentally evaluated and empirically correlated with elemental amounts in a category of samples. The correlations are independent of measured x-ray counts.
Coster-Kronig Corrected Experimental and Theoretical Alignment Parameter for Tungsten-a Comparison
An attempt has been made to study the effect of Coster-Kronig (CK) fij correction on alignment parameter (A20) calculated by measuring angular distribution of L x-rays of tungsten (W) in the angular range 0° to 120° at 17.781 keV, the energy that is above L1 edge of W where CK transitions shift the vacancies from L1 and L2 states to L3 state. The experimental CK corrected alignment parameter is compared with the same calculated using non-relativistic dipole approximation in a point Coulomb potential. It is found that the value of alignment is increased by ~32 % of its value by including this CK correction in experimental calculations.
Contribution of CK Transfer to Proton induced L Subshell X-Ray Production Cross-Sections for Direct and Indirect Vacancies
The contribution of CK transfer to the proton induced L subshell X-ray production cross-sections due to both direct and indirect vacancies has been determined for the elements Pb & Th at incident proton energies ranging from 1 MeV to 10 MeV. The contribution for direct vacancies (without K to L transfer) was estimated by calculating the X-ray production cross-sections in absence of CK transfer, while for indirect vacancies, it was assumed that the L subshell X-rays were emitted only due to vacancies transferred from K to Li subshells. It has been observed that for X-rays resulting from direct vacancies, the contribution of CK transfer initially decreases with increase in energy and thereafter increases in both the cases. This contribution has been found to be up to 20% & 17% in Pb and Th respectively for Ll & Lα X-ray groups. In case of X-rays from indirect vacancies, there was no regular trend at lower energies and thereafter the contribution becomes almost constant.
Various Types of Hα Emissions and Absorptions in Be/Shell Stars
Among the Be stars, one distinguishes two types of spectra. The term Be/Shell used here is to designate the set of stars showing spectra of either of these two types: (i) Be spectrum and (ii) Be shell spectrum. In the Be spectrum, emission line either shows no reversal or a more or less central reversal. In the Be shell spectrum, Balmer lines and singly ionized lines exhibit narrow and deep absorption core, which may or may not be broadened by emission wings. In the present investigation we are reporting the spectroscopic observations of 14 Be/shell stars. The Hα line profiles of different stars possess various shapes. Most of the Be/shell stars exhibit very strong single peaked emission at Hα line. Four stars show strong double peaked asymmetrical Hα emission. Two of these programme stars display asymmetrical deep broad absorption with shallow limb towards the long ward wavelength. Other two objects show strong central absorption with two emission components. From the line profiles we have also measured the parameters like: equivalent width (W) and Ip/Ic ratio.
Energy, Charge and Z Dependence of Carbon (I.E.C+Q Where Q=1,2,3)Projectile Induced L Sub Shell X-Ray Intensity Ratios in Au, Tl, Bi, Th and U Elements
Energy, charge and Z dependence of L shell X-ray intensity ratios in the energy range 0.9 MeV to 15 MeV has been investigated in Au, Tl, Bi, Th and U for incident carbon (i.e. C+q where q=1,2,3 ) projectile. The intensity ratios Il/Iγ, Iα/Iγ and Iβ/Iγ first decreases with increase in energy, attain minimum value and then start increasing. The minimum value of Il/Iγ and Iα/Iγ falls in the energy range (0.9MeV to 3MeV) and of Iβ/Iγ in the energy range 6MeV to 15MeV for all elements. It has also been investigated that for a particular energy and Z, values of Il/Iγ, Iα/Iγ and Iβ/Iγ increases with decrease in value of charge (q). Similarly for particular energy and charge, values of Il/Iγ, Iα/Iγ and Iβ/Iγ increases with increase in Z value. Also a comparison has been made among the intensity ratios evaluated using two different sets of parameters i.e. (fluorescence yield ωi where i=1,2,3 for L1, L2 and L3 sub shells and Coster Kronig transitions fij where i,j=1,2,3 for L1, L2 and L3 sub shells ) given by Krause et al and Campbell.
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Pb-Sn Alloys by Scattering of 145 Kev Gamma Rays
The objective of present experiment is to assign effective atomic number (Zeff) to solders (alloys of lead and tin) having different composition of tin. An HPGe semiconductor detector, placed at 70o to the incident beam, detects gamma photons scattered from the sample under investigation. The experiment is performed on various elements with atomic number satisfying, 6 ≤ Z ≤ 82, for 145 keV incident photons. The agreement of measured values of Zeff with theory is quite satisfactory.
Investigations of Energy Dependence of Saturation Thickness of Multiply Backscattered Gamma Photons in Carbon
In Compton scattering experiments employing thick targets one observes that the numbers of multiply backscattered photons increases with increase in target thickness and then saturate at a particular target thickness called saturation thickness. In present experiment the measured saturation thickness for multiply backscattering of gamma photons is found to be decreasing with increase in energy of incident gamma photons.
Total Bremsstrahlung Cross-Section for Al, Ti, Sn and Pb at Incident Electron Energy of 10 keV, 50 keV and 100 keV
The total bremsstrahlung cross-sections which include the contribution of Polarization bremsstrahlung (PB) into ordinary bremsstrahlung (OB) for Al, Ti, Sn and Pb for an incident electron of energy 10 keV, 50 keV and 100 keV were studied. In these calculations, theories of Elwert corrected (non-relativistic) Bethe-Heitler theory (1939), Avdonina and Pratt (1999) and Amusia (1985) were compared. The theory of Amusia (1985) was modified by introducing the factors of modified Elwert factor and higher order Born correction factor. Bethe-Heitler theory (1939) describes ordinary bremsstrahlung (OB) however Avdonina and Pratt (1999) and Amusia (1985) included the contribution of Polarization bremsstrahlung (PB) into ordinary bremsstrahlung (OB). From the comparison of these theories, it was found that for high Z element the total bremsstrahlung cross-sections calculated by the modified Amusia (1985) and Avdonina and Pratt (1999) theories were higher by 10-30% from the Elwert corrected (non-relativistic) Bethe-Heitler theory at 1 keV and 3 keV photon energies respectively. At higher photon energies the modified Amusia theory is more accurate. However, it was found that for low Z element the Avdonina and Pratt theory is more accurate particularly at lower photon energy. The deviation of bremsstrahlung cross-sections among the different theories indicates the importance of polarization bremsstrahlung in the bremsstrahlung process.
Interaction of gamma ray photons with some biological samples
Gamma ray interaction with some biological samples such as bone, chlorophyll, cholesterol, flesh, glucose, haemoglobin, muscle and uric acid has been investigated at some incident photon energies, which are available from commonly used gamma ray sources such as Am241, Ba133, Hg203, Na22, Cs137, Mn54, Zn65 and Co60. In this energy range (59.54 - 1332 keV), Compton scattering is a dominant photon interaction process. The gamma ray photon interaction with biological samples has been visualized mainly in terms of mass attenuation coefficients and energy absorption buildup factors. From the present investigations, it has been concluded that while exposing large dimensional biological sample to the lower energy incident photons, care must be taken for buildup of the photons.
Investigations of Building Materials as Gamma Ray Shielding Materials
To check the feasibility of the use of some building materials such as cement, plaster of paris, lime and sand as gamma ray shielding materials, some parameters of dosimetric interest has been investigated at some incident photon energies (59.54 to 1332 keV). The photon interaction with building materials has been discussed mainly in terms of mass attenuation coefficients and exposure buildup factors. From the present investigations, it has been concluded that among the selected materials, lime acts as best gamma ray shielding material, due to its higher values for mass attenuation coefficient and least values for exposure buildup factor in the selected energy range.
Elemental Analysis of Ash using X-Ray Fluorescence Technique
In thermal plants, when pulverized coal is burnt to generate heat, the residue contains 80 per cent fly ash and 20 per cent bottom ash. The ash is carried away through chimney and collected at economizer, air pre-heater and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) hoppers. We analyze the coal fly ash samples by using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. In the present analysis, we observed that the major elements present in the ash samples are Si, Al & Fe and the other minor constituents are Ti, P, S, Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Zn & Sr. The elemental analysis of these samples will be informative to use the fly ash for various applications such as cement manufacturing, ceramic production and as a secondary source in recovery of valuable elements.
A Comparative Study on the Influence of IR Radiations to Some Polymers
In the last decade, many efforts have been made in modifying the surface and bulk properties of polymers by the use of various radiations such as UV and IR radiations, plasmas, flame, corona, electron beams and ion beams etc. The present work deals with the changes induced to CR-39 and PET polymers by IR irradiation. The modifications induced in the polymers due to IR irradiation have been analyzed with the help of XRD and UV-visible spectra of the pristine and IR irradiated polymers and a brief mechanism has been suggested, where ever possible. It has been found that CR-39 is more sensitive towards the radiations as compared to PET.
Measurement of Natural Radioactivity in Brick Samples Using Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
The activity concentrations of primordial radio nuclides (226Ra, 232Th and 40K)have been determined for the brick samples of Jalandhar city of Punjab using HPGe detector based on high resolution gamma spectrometry system. The average activity concentration values of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K from the studied samples are 21.38 Bq kg-1, 25.03 Bq kg-1 and 333.08 Bq kg-1 respectively. The average value of radium equivalent activity (Raeq) for studied brick samples is 80.48 Bq kg-1 which is less than the safe limit 370 Bq kg-1 recommended by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) equivalent to external gamma dose of 1.5 mSvyr-1.
Use of Gamma-Ray Spectrometry for Assessment of Natural Radioactive Dose in Some Samples of Building Materials
Samples of building materials (Granite, Bricks, Sand Stones) collected from Jalandhar area of Punjab have been analyzed for the primordial natural radionuclides viz. 226Ra, 232Th and 40K using HPGe detector based on high-resolution gamma spectrometry system. The calculated average values of the total absorbed dose are 253.91 nGyh-1, 74.86 nGyh-1 and 93.79 nGyh-1 for samples of granite, bricks and sandstones respectively. The average values of indoor and outdoor annual effective dose for the present study of samples of granite, bricks and sandstones are 1.25 mSv and 0.31 mSv, 0.37 mSv and 0.09 mSv and 0.46 mSv and 0.12 mSv respectively. The calculated average value of the radium equivalent activity (Raeq) for samples of bricks and sandstones are less and this value is higher for the granite samples than the safe limit (370Bq kg-1) recommended by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
Directional Compton Profiles and Energy Bands of Palladium
The directional Compton profiles of palladium along [100] and [110] directions have been measured using 100 mCi 241Am Compton spectrometer. The theoretical Compton profiles and energy bands have been computed using hybridisation of Hartree-Fock and density functional theory. Except some fine structures, the energy bands are in good agreement with the available data. The measured anisotropy is found to be smaller than the present calculations and the available augmented plane wave and linear combination of Gaussian type orbitals based profiles. The experimental profiles are interpreted in terms of energy bands of Pd and Fermi surface topology.
Nature of Bonding in Chromium Chalcogenides: A Compton Profile Study
We present the nature of bonding in chromium chalcogenides (CrX; X = S and Se) using equal-valence-electron-density (EVED) Compton profiles. For the Compton measurements, we have used 20 Ci 137Cs Compton spectrometer. We have also computed the Compton profiles using Hartree Fock (HF) and B3LYP schemes. The experimental EVED profiles suggest more localisation of charge in CrSe in comparison to CrS in the bonding direction. It is concluded that CrSe has more covalent character than that of CrS.
Electronic Structure of TaC using Compton Scattering Technique
The first ever Compton profile of polycrystalline tantalum carbide has been measured using 137Cs isotope. The results are compared with theoretical ionic Compton profiles and pseudopotential approach within Hartree-Fock theory. We have also computed the density of states using Hartree-Fock theory. The computed density of states confirms the metallic like behaviour of this compound. It is seen that the theoretical profile with ionic arrangement Ta+2C2- gives a better agreement with the experimental Compton profile.
Radiation Hormesis in Humans Exposed to Low Level Ionizing Radiation
Through various researches and investigations it has been established that high doses of ionizing radiation are harmful to health. There is substantial controversy regarding the effects of low doses of ionizing radiation despite the large amount of work carried out (both laboratory and epidemiological). According to the linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis, any amount, however small, of radiation is potentially harmful, even down to zero levels. The threshold hypothesis, on the other hand, emphasizes that below a certain threshold level of radiation exposure, any deleterious effects are absent. At the same time, there are strong arguments, both experimental and epidemiological, which support the radiation hormesis (beneficial effects of low-level ionizing radiation). These effects cannot be anticipated by extrapolating from harmful effects noted at high doses. The choice of the approximate dose-response model for use in estimating the health effects of small doses of ionizing radiation remains controversial. In the present work, a comprehensive study of the available literature, data and reports of various radiation exposure and protection studies is presented. In conclusion, we find that the radiation hormesis contradicts the predictions made by the LNT hypothesis regarding the health effects of ionizing radiation in the low dose region.
Spectroscopic Study of Four Members of Balmer Series in Be Stars
The present work is a part of our on-going “International Observing Campaign” to observe large number of bright Be stars. The spectra of Be stars is characterized mainly by the presence of emission lines in the central part of the first few members of the Balmer series of Hydrogen. Sometimes, these emission lines show no reversal; and on occasions central emission may get split up midway into two components by a depression, giving a double peaked shape. This emission at Balmer series may continue up to about H15 and even more; and after that absorption lines occur like normal B-star. In this communication we report the spectroscopic analysis of four members of Balmer series of Hydrogen in four Be stars. It is found that all the four Be stars show Hα line strongly in emission. Three stars show Hβ, Hγ, Hδ strongly in absorption with weak emission components. Only one star shows Hβ also strongly in emission with two components lying over the underlying absorption. We have also measured the parameter of the lines like: equivalent width (W).
Variation at Hα Emission Line in a Unique Be Star γ Cassiopeiae
The well known Be star γ Cassiopeiae (γ Cas) is being observed spectroscopically and photometrically for the last nearly one and half century. This star is a prototypical "classical" Be star which resulted in many new discoveries in Be phenomena. This was first B star with Balmer line emission, thus opening a new class of B stars called Be stars. Due to its unique and fascinating nature we plan to include this object in our regular observing program. In the present communication we report the Hα observations of this object. The spectrophotometric spectral scans of this star covering the Hα region in the wavelength range 6100 - 6900 Å are presented to explore the variations of Hα emission strength and shape of the line. The star displayed unusual behaviour at Hα emission line during the period of observations. Reversal of asymmetry from V>R to V<R along with the transformation from double-peaked emission to a single -peaked emission at Hα emission line has been explored on time-scales of about weeks. High time resolution observations show possible ultra-rapid variations in Hα emission strength and shape on time-scale of minutes to seconds.
Low-Level Radiation Exposure to Some Industrial Workers
The industrial workers in units like thermal power plants, gas power plants, LPG bottling plant etc. are exposed everyday to varying amounts of low-level ionizing radiation emitted from radon and its progeny in the environment. These radiations are spontaneously emitted by naturally occurring radioactive material like 238U and 232Th, ever since their existence on earth. The radioactive radon in the atmosphere (indoor and outdoor), soil, ground water, oil and gas deposits contributes the largest fraction of the natural radiation dose to populations, enhanced interest exhibited in tracking its concentration is thus fundamental for radiation protection. In the present work, the annual effective doses received by the industrial workers working in some industrial units have been estimated. For these measurements we have used the alpha sensitive solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). The concentration of radon and annual effective doses has been calculated using recommendations from International commission on radiological protection (ICRP).
Study of Phonons in CaSiO3 Perovskite at Lower Mantle Pressure
CaSiO3 perovskite is thought to comprise between 6 and 12 weight % of the lower half of the earth’s transition zone and lower mantle (depths between 500 and 2900 km). Its structure throughout this regime is generally assumed to be cubic because x-ray diffraction studies have found no detectable deviation from Pm3m symmetry. Theoretical studies based on ionic models, periodic Hartree-Fock, and pseudopotential calculations have supported this picture. In this work, we are reporting the results of our theoretical investigation on the phonon properties of CaSiO3 in its cubic phase by using lattice dynamical simulation method based on de Launey angular force (DAF) constant model to understand the role of phonon in this system. The calculated zone center phonon frequencies agree well with available results.
Application of Nanostructures and New Nano particles as Advanced Biomaterials
The new nanomaterials have a much larger contact surface area than the existing micro materials by using the nanoparticle control technology. The recently developed nanostructures include nanoparticles, nanofibres and other nanomaterials like single enzyme nanoparticles (SEN) used for various applications in bioscience research from biosensors to new drug development, food, environmental monitoring, proteomics, and bio-marker analysis and in virus detection. Biological signal transducers are widely used for the manufacture of nanobiosensors. This paper briefly describes the various nanotechnologies developed and untied in the areas of bioscience research and environmental applications and regulations to be adopted for future nanocompanies.
Electronic-Ionic Conductivity in Molybdenum Oxide glasses Doped with Sodium ions
The conductivity of three glasses samples in 30Na2O-(70-x)MoO3-xP2O5 systems and two glass samples in 60%Na2O-40%P2O5 and 60% MoO3-40%P2O5 systems was investigated as a function of temperature. It is also found that conductivity for glasses containing higher percentage of sodium ions is predominantly ionic and in glasses containing higher percentage of molybdenum ions is predominantly electronic. For pure sodium phosphate glass or the glass containing lower concentration of molybdenum the plot of logσdc vs. 1000/T is almost linear, whereas for glasses containing increasing concentration of molybdenum ions the plots depart from linearity. These non-linear plots indicate a change in activation energy which suggests a contribution from electronic conduction. Ionic glasses exhibit only one conduction process and single activation energy in the whole temperature range. In transition metal oxide glasses with mobile cations, different conduction processes contribute to electronic conduction at different temperature ranges leading to different values of activation energy. Choosing proper doping levels allows one to tailor mixed conducting oxides.
Structural Properties of NiO-CGO Composites Precursor Prepared via Combustion Synthesis Route
Solution combustion technique was used for the preparation of NiO-CGO (Ceria Gadolinia Oxide) composites – a precursor to SOFC anode by mixing cerium nitrate, gadolinium nitrate and nickel nitrate in stoichiometric ratio of composition Ce0.90Gd0.10O1.95 - 0.40 NiO. The concentration of glycine, was varied between 0.5 mole% to 1.6 mole% and its effect was studied on the crystallite size and agglomerate of resulting NiO-CGO composite. The products formed were characterized by XRD, SEM and Particle Size Analysis. The results showed that the composite precursor varied in combustion characteristics, crystallite size and agglomerated particle size depending on the concentration of the fuel.
Structural Characterization of fly ash doped lithium borate Glasses
Lithium borate glasses with fixed alkali content of 10 Mole % and different modifiers have been prepared. To compare the role of fly ash as a glass modifier the content of glass modifier PbO, Al2O3 have been kept same to 5 mole %. To investigate the structure FTIR and UV-VIS spectra of prepared samples have been taken. From optical data optical band gap and cutoff wavelength have been calculated. Density of prepared samples has been calculated by using Archimedes principle. Results have been compared with structure of binary lithium borate glass. This work can lead to future application of utilization and characterization of fly ash in glass forming materials.
In-vitro Release of Metformin Hydrochloride from Films of Chitosan-Methylcellulose Blends
Films consisting of chitosan and methylcellulose were prepared for in-vitro study of controlled release of metformin hydrochloride. A viscous solution of chitosan-methylcellulose was prepared in 2 % acetic acid and casted into films. The films were dried at room temperature and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Physical characterization of films was carried out and their swelling response to different degree of crosslinking was studied. The drug release studies through the film indicated that the films can be used as a vehicle for controlled drug release.
Detection of Missing Ball in Bearing using Decomposition of Acoustic Signal
A wavelet transform based technique has been presented to process the contaminated acoustic signal and diagnose defect in the rotating element. Experiments were conducted on cage ball bearing. Compared to the bearing with no missing ball, there is a sudden variation in acoustic emission when missing ball position comes in front of the mike while rotation. Exact position of the missing balls was determined from the analyzed signal and verified by physical examination.
Low Temperature Charge Transport Study in p-Toluenesulfonic Acid Doped Polyaniline
Polyaniline doped with p-toluenesulfonic acid was synthesized with chemical oxidation method by varying synthesis parameters. We report the electrical conductivity study of polyaniline doped with p-toluenesulfonic acid in the temperature range of 10 K to 300 K. The conductivity of the samples has been observed to show an increasing trend with increase in temperature. The Arrhenius model, variable range hopping (VRH), and Kivelson model were used to investigate the charge transfer in polyaniline. It has been shown that no one mechanism can completely describe the charge transport in polyaniline over entire temperature range 10 K- 300 K.
Growth features and band gap determination of InBiSb long wavelength infrared photo detectors
Ternary (InBiSb) compound widely used as long wavelength infrared photo detectors. InBiSb crystal were grown by Bridgman technique with temperature gradient of 60 ºC/cm and the growth velocity 0.5cm/hr.The different growth features were observed on top free surface of the InBiSb single crystal which is predominant of layers growth mechanism. Later on, the crystal pellets were used for FourierTransformInfraRed measurement in wavelength range 2.5-25µm which gives band gap of the bulk crystal. The results were discussed and reported in detail.
Study of CSDA and Extrapolated Ranges of Electrons in some Selected Solvents in the Energy Range of 0.01-100 MeV
The continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) ranges of electrons have been determined in some selected solvents in the energy range of 0.01-100 MeV using an analytic formulation. The results have been compared with CSDA range values obtained through ESTAR program and are found to be in close agreement. The extrapolated ranges of electrons have also been obtained for these selected solvents through calculations of multiple scattering detours.
Phase Determination in Low Carbon Steel Metallographic Image Using Wavelet Transform
A filtering technique for processing the noisy metallographic images of low carbon steel acquired by CCD camera has been presented in this paper. To enhance the image which makes extraction of the phase information easier, histogram equalization followed by wavelet filtering and thresholding has been implemented. Percentage volume of ferrite in the structure was determined by analyzing the processed image. Results are in good agreement with that obtained from spectro-photo meter. Average variation in result obtained from processed metallographic image and spectro-photo meter is less than 1%.
Structural, Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties of Tungsten Substituted Barium Titanate Ceramics
In the present work, X- ray diffractograms analysis reveals the formation of the single phase crystalline structure. Tetragonal strain of the samples have been calculated and it shows a decrease with increasing sintering temperature. The variation of dielectric constant (εr) with temperature shows that the samples undergo a diffuse type ferro - paraelectric phase transition. The dielectric constant is found to increase with increasing sintering temperature. Variation of dielectric loss (tanδ) with temperature have also been measured. Further, the diffusivity of the samples has been calculated and is reported in this paper. The P-E studies of the W-substituted barium titanate ceramics with temperatures are reported.